The old comment for the example
type PtrMutex *Mutex
talked about the method set of the base type of PtrMutex.
It's more direct and clearer to talk about the underlying
type of PtrMutex for this specific example.
Also removed link inside pre-formatted region of text.
Fixes#20900.
Change-Id: Ie37340e53670e34ebe13e780ba8ccb1bba67795c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/55070
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
For non-constant shifts with an untyped constant shift count, the
spec only said that it must "be converted to unsigned integer type".
go/types accepts any (arbitrarily large) integer value. Both cmd/compile
and gccgo require that the shift count be representable as a uint value
in that case (if the shift count is typed, it may be any unsigned integer
type).
This change adjusts the spec to state what the compilers have been doing
all along. The new wording matches similar rules elsewhere (e.g., for
untyped array and slice indices). Also, while technically this is a
restriction (we could permit arbitrarily large shift counts), in practice
this is irrelevant.
Fixes#14822.
Change-Id: Ia75834c67483cf761c10025c8df758f225ef67c2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/45072
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
A pointer type of underlying type unsafe.Pointer can be used in
unsafe conversions. Document unfortunate status quo.
Fixes#19306.
Change-Id: I28172508a200561f8df366bbf2c2807ef3b48c97
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/42132
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Added a paragraph and examples explaining when an implementation
may use fused floating-point operations (such as FMA) and how to
prevent operation fusion.
For #17895.
Change-Id: I64c9559fc1097e597525caca420cfa7032d67014
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/40391
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
The section on map literals mentions constant map keys but doesn't say
what happens for equal non-constant map keys - that is covered in the
section on evaluation order. Added respective link for clarity.
Fixes#19689.
Change-Id: If9a5368ba02e8250d4bb0a1d60d0de26a1f37bbb
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/38598
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
The (original) section on "Operators and Delimiters" introduced
superfluous terminology ("delimiter", "special token") which
didn't matter and was used inconsistently.
Removed any mention of "delimiter" or "special token" and now
simply group the special character tokens into "operators"
(clearly defined via links), and "punctuation" (everything else).
Fixes#19450.
Change-Id: Ife31b24b95167ace096f93ed180b7eae41c66808
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/38073
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
To avoid confusion caused by the term "named type" (which now just
means a type with a name, but formerly meant a type declared with
a non-alias type declaration), a type declaration now comes in two
forms: alias declarations and type definitions. Both declare a type
name, but type definitions also define new types.
Replace the use of "named type" with "defined type" elsewhere in
the spec.
For #18130.
Change-Id: I49f5ddacefce90354eb65ee5fbf10ba737221995
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/36213
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
First steps towards defining type aliases in the spec.
This is a nomenclature clarification, not a language change.
The spec used all three terms 'embedded type', 'anonymous field',
and 'embedded field'. Users where using the terms inconsistently.
The notion of an 'anonymous' field was always misleading since they
always had a de-facto name. With type aliases that name becomes even
more important because we may have different names for the same type.
Use the term 'embedded field' consistently and remove competing
terminology.
For #18130.
Change-Id: I2083bbc85788cab0b2e2cb1ff58b2f979491f001
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/35108
Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
This matches what we already do for switch statements and makes
this large section more visibly organized. No other changes besides
introducing the titles.
Fixes#4486.
Change-Id: I73f274e4fdd27c6cfeaed79090b4553e57a9c479
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/33410
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
- organize examples better
- add an example illustrating behavior if element type is a named pointer type
- both compilers and go/types (per https://go-review.googlesource.com/33358)
follow this now
See the issue for detailed discussion.
Fixes#17954.
Change-Id: I8d90507ff2347d9493813f75b73233819880d2b4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/33361
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
A 16bit binary exponent permits a constant range covering roughly the range
from 7e-9865 to 7e9863 which is more than enough for any practical and
hypothetical constant arithmetic.
Furthermore, until recently cmd/compile could not handle very large exponents
correctly anyway; i.e., the chance that any real programs (but for tests that
explore corner cases) are affected are close to zero.
Finally, restricting the minimum supported range significantly reduces the
implementation complexity in an area that hardly matters in reality for new
or alternative spec-compliant implementations that don't or cannot rely on
pre-existing arbitratry precision arithmetic packages that support a 32bit
exponent range.
This is technically a language change but for the reasons mentioned above
this is unlikely to affect any real programs, and certainly not programs
compiled with the gc or gccgo compilers as they currently support up to
32bit exponents.
Fixes#13572.
Change-Id: I970f919c57fc82c0175844364cf48ea335f17d39
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/17711
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
This simply documents the status quo accepted by cmd/compile, gccgo,
and go/types. The new language matches the language used for indices
of index expressions for arrays and slices.
Fixes#16679.
Change-Id: I65447889fbda9d222f2a9e6c10334d1b38c555f0
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/30474
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
This is a backwards-compatible language change.
Per the proposal (#16085), the rules for conversions are relaxed
such that struct tags in any of the structs involved in the conversion
are ignored (recursively).
Because this is loosening the existing rules, code that compiled so
far will continue to compile.
For #16085.
Fixes#6858.
Change-Id: I0feef651582db5f23046a2331fc3f179ae577c45
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/24190
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
See the issue below for details.
Fixes#16794.
Change-Id: I7e338089fd80ddcb634fa80bfc658dee2772361c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27356
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
The enumerations didn't include the syntactic form where the lhs is
full variable declaration with type specification, as in:
var x, ok T = ...
Fixes#15782.
Change-Id: I0f7bafc37dc9dcf62cdb0894a0d157074ccd4b3e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27670
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The changes match the existing compilers, and assume an adjusted
spec (per issue #16794).
Fixes#15686.
Change-Id: I72677ce75888c41a8f3c2963117a2f2d5501c42b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27290
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Both compilers and also go/types don't permit duplicate types in
type switches; i.e., this spec change is documenting a status quo
that has existed for some time.
Furthermore, duplicate nils are not accepted by gccgo or go/types;
and more recently started causing a compiler error in gc. Permitting
them is inconsistent with the existing status quo.
Rather than making it an implementation restriction (as we have for
expression switches), this is a hard requirement since it was enforced
from the beginning (except for duplicate nils); it is also a well
specified requirement that does not pose a significant burden for
an implementation.
Fixes#15896.
Change-Id: If12db5bafa87598b323ea84418cb05421e657dd8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/23584
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Note that the spec already makes that point with a comment in the very first
example for struct field tags. This change is simply stating this explicitly
in the actual spec prose.
- gccgo and go/types already follow this rule
- the current reflect package API doesn't distinguish between absent tags
and empty tags (i.e., there is no discoverable difference)
Fixes#15412.
Change-Id: I92f9c283064137b4c8651630cee0343720717a02
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/22391
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Per a suggestion from mdempsky.
Both gc and gccgo consider a statement list as terminating if the
last _non_empty_ statement is terminating; i.e., trailing semis are
ok. Only gotype followed the current stricter rule in the spec.
This change adjusts the spec to match gc and gccgo behavior. In
support of this change, the spec has a matching rule for fallthrough,
which in valid positions may be followed by trailing semis as well.
For details and examples, see the issue below.
Fixes#14422.
Change-Id: Ie17c282e216fc40ecb54623445c17be111e17ade
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/19981
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
The () parentheses grouped wrongly. Removed them completely in
favor of separate 2- and 3-index slice alternatives which is
clearer.
Fixes#14477.
Change-Id: I0b7521ac912130d9ea8740b8793b3b88e2609418
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/19853
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Slightly rephrased sentence to emphasize the contents of the
Unicode categories w/o repeating the full category name each
time.
Fixes#13414.
Change-Id: Icd32ff1547fa81e866c5937a631c3344bb6087c6
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/18265
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The proper term is "untyped boolean".
Change-Id: Id871164190a03c64a8a8987b1ad5d8653a21d96e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16135
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
The spec defines precise numeric constants which do not overflow.
Consequently, +/-Inf and NaN values were excluded. The case was not
clear for -0.0 but they are mostly of interest to determine the sign
of infinities which don't exist.
That said, the conversion rules explicitly say that T(x) (for a numeric
x and floating-point type T) is the value after rounding per IEEE-754.
The result is constant if x is constant. Rounding per IEEE-754 can
produce a -0.0 which we cannot represent as a constant.
Thus, the spec is inconsistent. Attempt to fix the inconsistency by
adjusting the rounding rule rather than letting -0.0 into the language.
For more details, see the issue below.
Open to discussion.
Fixes#12576.
Change-Id: Ibe3c676372ab16d9229f1f9daaf316f761e074ee
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/14727
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
The prose discussing composite literals referred to the composite
literal type with 'LiteralType', denoting the literal type's EBNF
production explicitly. Changed 'LiteralType' to 'literal type' to
remove the literal (no pun intended) connection and instead mean
the underlying type. Seems a simpler and more readable change
than referring to the underlying type everywhere explicitly.
Fixes#12717.
Change-Id: I225df95f9ece2664b19068525ea8bda5ca05a44a
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/14851
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
First step towards cleaning up the operator section - no language
changes. Specifically:
- Grouped arithmetic operations by types (integer, floating-point,
string), with corresponding h4 headings.
- Changed Operator precedence title from h3 to h4.
- Moved Integer Overflow section after integer operations and changed
its title from h3 to h4.
This puts things that belong together closer. No heading id's were
lost (in case of references from outside the spec).
Change-Id: I6b349ba8d86a6ae29b596beb297cc45c81e69399
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/13143
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The spec didn't specify several aspects of expression switches:
- The switch expression is evaluated exactly once.
- Switch expressions evaluating to an untyped value are converted
to the respective default type before use.
- An (untyped) nil value is not permitted as expression switch
value. (We could permit it relatively easily, but gc doesn't,
and disallowing it is in symmetry with the rules for var decls
without explicit type and untyped initializer expressions.)
- The comparison x == t between each case expression x and
switch expression value t must be valid.
- (Some) duplicate constant case expressions are not permitted.
This change also clarifies the following issues:
4524: mult. equal int const switch case values should be illegal
-> spec issue fixed
6398: switch w/ no value uses bool rather than untyped bool
-> spec issue fixed
11578: allows duplicate switch cases -> go/types bug
11667: int overflow in switch expression -> go/types bug
11668: use of untyped nil in switch -> not a gc bug
Fixes#4524.
Fixes#6398.
Fixes#11668.
Change-Id: Iae4ab3e714575a5d11c92c9b8fbf027aa706b370
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/12711
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The document `doc/go_spec.html` uses "preceeding" instead of the word
"preceding" in one place.
Fixed another occurrence in `src/go/types/typexpr.go`.
Change-Id: Ic67f62026b5c9d002c5c5632299f14ecac8b02ae
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/12354
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
No need to update the date; this is not a spec change.
Change-Id: I10a31234ed985c59e5d9b5328664a36661cef31e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/11531
Reviewed-by: Andrew Gerrand <adg@golang.org>
Suggested by mdempsky (see also issue #11161).
Change-Id: I1ab28febe19b7a092029499015073ce8749b4d99
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/10960
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
- no "visible" change to spec but for updated date
- retired several outdated TODO items
- filed non-urgent issues 10953, 10954, 10955 for current TODOs
Change-Id: If87ad0fb546c6955a6d4b5801e06e5c7d5695ea2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/10382
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
The spec explains later in the "Operator precedence" section that *
has a higher precedence than +, but the current production rule
requires that "1 + 2 * 3" be parsed as "(1 + 2) * 3", instead of the
intended "1 + (2 * 3)".
The new production rule better matches cmd/internal/gc/go.y's grammar:
expr:
uexpr
| expr LOROR expr
| expr LANDAND expr
| ...
Fixes#10151.
Change-Id: I13c9635d6ddf1263cafe7cc63e68f3e5779e24ba
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/9163
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
to map element keys
Composite literals containing element values that are themselves composite
literals may leave away the element's literal types if they are identical
to the enclosing composite literal's element type.
(http://golang.org/ref/spec#Composite_literals)
When we made this change, we forgot to apply the analogous rule to map
literal keys. This change generalizes that rule. Added more examples,
including one showing the recursive application of the elision rules.
This is a fully backward-compatible language change. It was discussed
some time back.
Fixes#8589.
To be submitted once all compilers accept the extension.
Change-Id: I4d45b64b5970f0d5501572945d5a097e64a9458b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/2591
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Language clarification.
The existing rules for selector expressions imply
automatic dereferencing of pointers to struct fields.
They also implied automatic dereferencing of selectors
denoting methods. In almost all cases, such automatic
dereferencing does indeed take place for methods but the
reason is not the selector rules but the fact that method
sets include both methods with T and *T receivers; so for
a *T actual receiver, a method expecting a formal T
receiver, also accepts a *T (and the invocation or method
value expression is the reason for the auto-derefering).
However, the rules as stated so far implied that even in
case of a variable p of named pointer type P, a selector
expression p.f would always be shorthand for (*p).f. This
is true for field selectors f, but cannot be true for
method selectors since a named pointer type always has an
empty method set.
Named pointer types may never appear as anonymous field
types (and method receivers, for that matter), so this
only applies to variables declared of a named pointer
type. This is exceedingly rare and perhaps shouldn't be
permitted in the first place (but we cannot change that).
Amended the selector rules to make auto-deref of values
of named pointer types an exception to the general rules
and added corresponding examples with explanations.
Both gc and gccgo have a bug where they do auto-deref
pointers of named types in method selectors where they
should not:
See http://play.golang.org/p/c6VhjcIVdM , line 45.
Fixes#5769.
Fixes#8989.
LGTM=r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/168790043
Not a language change.
This is simply documenting the status quo which permits
builtin function names to be parenthesized in calls; e.g.,
both
len(s)
and
(((len)))(s)
are accepted by all compilers and go/types.
Changed the grammar by merging the details of BuiltinCall
with ordinary Calls. Also renamed the Call production to
Arguments which more clearly identifies that part of the
grammar and also matches better with its counterpart on
the declaration side (Parameters).
The fact that the first argument can be a type (for builtins)
or cannot be a type (for regular function calls) is expressed
in the prose, no need to make the grammar more complicated.
Fixes#9001.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, dave
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/160570043
Per suggestion from rsc as a result of the dicussion of
(abandoned) CL 153110044.
Fixes#7192.
LGTM=r, rsc, iant
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/163050043
Not a language change.
Several inaccuracies were fixed:
1) A variable declaration may declare more than just one
variable.
2) Variable initialization follows the rules of assignments,
including n:1 assignments. The existing wording implied a 1:1
or n:n rule and generally was somewhat unspecific.
3) The rules for variable declarations with no types and
untyped initialization expressions had minor holes (issue 8088).
4) Clarified the special cases of assignments of untyped values
(we don't just have untyped constants, but also untyped bools,
e.g. from comparisons). The new wording is more direct.
To that end, introduced the notion of an untyped constant's
"default type" so that the same concept doesn't have to be
repeatedly introduced.
Fixes#8088.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/142320043
The existing spec rules on package initialization were
contradictory: They specified that 1) dependent variables
are initialized in dependency order, and 2) independent
variables are initialized in declaration order. This 2nd
rule cannot be satisfied in general. For instance, for
var (
c = b + 2
a = 0
b = 1
)
because of its dependency on b, c must be initialized after b,
leading to the partial order b, c. Because a is independent of
b but is declared before b, we end up with the order: a, b, c.
But a is also independent of c and is declared after c, so the
order b, c, a should also be valid in contradiction to a, b, c.
The new rules are given in form of an algorithm which outlines
initialization order explicitly.
gccgo and go/types already follow these rules.
Fixes#8485.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, gordon.klaus, adonovan
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/142880043
The proposed text in the last CL had a comma that was missing from the submitted spec.
LGTM=gri
R=gri
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/150720043
Preparation for fixing issue 5769 (method selectors
do not auto-dereference): The actual fix may require
some cleanups in all these sections, and syntactically,
method expressions and method values are selector
expressions. Moving them next to each other so that
it's easy to see the actual changes (next CL).
No content changes besides the section moves.
LGTM=iant, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/132300043
Technically a language change, this cleanup is a completely
backward compatible change that brings the boolean results
of comma-ok expressions in line with the boolean results of
comparisons: they are now all untyped booleans.
The implementation effort should be minimal (less than a
handfull lines of code, depending how well factored the
implementation of comma-ok expressions is).
Fixes#8189.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/112320045
golang.org now serves HTTPS with a valid cert, so it's reasonable
that users should click through to the HTTPS versions of *.golang.org
and other known sites.
LGTM=bradfitz
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/112650043
This is a fully backward-compatible language change.
There are not a lot of cases in the std library, but
there are some. Arguably this makes the syntax a bit
more regular - any trailing index variable that is _
can be left away, and there's some analogy to type
switches where the temporary can be left away.
Implementation-wise the change should be trivial as
it can be done completely syntactically. For instance,
the respective change in go/parser is a dozen lines
(see https://golang.org/cl/112970044 ).
Fixes#6102.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/104680043
This CL removes the special syntax for method receivers and
makes it just like other parameters. Instead, the crucial
receiver-specific rules (exactly one receiver, receiver type
must be of the form T or *T) are specified verbally instead
of syntactically.
This is a fully backward-compatible (and minor) syntax
relaxation. As a result, the following syntactic restrictions
(which are completely irrelevant) and which were only in place
for receivers are removed:
a) receiver types cannot be parenthesized
b) receiver parameter lists cannot have a trailing comma
The result of this CL is a simplication of the spec and the
implementation, with no impact on existing (or future) code.
Noteworthy:
- gc already permits a trailing comma at the end of a receiver
declaration:
func (recv T,) m() {}
This is technically a bug with the current spec; this CL will
legalize this notation.
- gccgo produces a misleading error when a trailing comma is used:
error: method has multiple receivers
(even though there's only one receiver)
- Compilers and type-checkers won't need to report errors anymore
if receiver types are parenthesized.
Fixes#4496.
LGTM=iant, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/101500044
Also made it extra clear for goto statements (even though label scopes
are already limited to the function defining a label).
Fixes#8040.
LGTM=r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/99550043
The spec was unclear about whether blank methods should be
permitted in interface types. gccgo permits at most one, gc
crashes if there are more than one, go/types permits at most
one.
Discussion:
Since method sets of non-interface types never contain methods
with blank names (blank methods are never declared), it is impossible
to satisfy an interface with a blank method.
It is possible to declare variables of assignable interface types
(but not necessarily identical types) containing blank methods, and
assign those variables to each other, but the values of those
variables can only be nil.
There appear to be two "reasonable" alternatives:
1) Permit at most one blank method (since method names must be unique),
and consider it part of the interface. This is what appears to happen
now, with corner-case bugs. Such interfaces can never be implemented.
2) Permit arbitrary many blank methods but ignore them. This appears
to be closer to the handling of blank identifiers in declarations.
However, an interface type literal is not a declaration (it's a type
literal). Also, for struct types, blank identifiers are not ignored;
so the analogy with declarations is flawed.
Both these alternatives don't seem to add any benefit and are likely
(if only slightly) more complicated to explain and implement than
disallowing blank methods in interfaces altogether.
Fixes#6604.
LGTM=r, rsc, iant
R=r, rsc, ken, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/99410046
The spec did not specify the order in which
init() functions are called. Specify that
they are called in source order since we have
now also specified the initialization order
of independent variables.
While technically a language change, no
existing code could have relied on this,
so this should not break anything.
Per suggestion from rsc.
LGTM=r, iant
R=rsc, iant, r, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/98420046
- split description of package initialization and
program execution
- better grouping of concerns in section on package
initialization
- more explicit definition of what constitues a
dependency
- removed language about constant dependencies -
they are computed at compile-time and not
initialized at run-time
- clarified that independent variables are initialized
in declaration order (rather than reference order)
Note that the last clarification is what distinguishes
gc and gccgo at the moment: gc uses reference order
(i.e., order in which variables are referenced in
initialization expressions), while gccgo uses declaration
order for independent variables.
Not a language change. But adopting this CL will
clarify what constitutes a dependency.
Fixes#6703.
LGTM=adonovan, r, iant, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, adonovan
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/99020043
- use previously defined terms (with links) throughout
- specify evaluation order more precisely (in particular,
the evaluation time of rhs expressions in receive cases
was not specified)
- added extra example case
Not a language change.
Description matches observed behavior of code compiled
with gc and gccgo.
Fixes#7669.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, josharian
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/91230043
- A channel may be used between any number of goroutines,
not just two.
- Replace "passing a value" (which is not further defined)
by "sending and receiving a value".
- Made syntax production more symmetric.
- Talk about unbuffered channels before buffered channels.
- Clarify what the comma,ok receive values mean (issue 7785).
Not a language change.
Fixes#7785.
LGTM=rsc, r, iant
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/94030045
This is a clarification of what happens already.
Not a language change.
Fixes#7137.
LGTM=iant, r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/96000044
If the underlying type of a type T is a boolean, numeric,
or string type, then T is also a boolean, numeric, or
string type, respectively.
Not a language change.
Fixes#7551.
LGTM=iant, rsc, robert.hencke, r
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, robert.hencke
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/100130044
Currently tip.golang.org leads to golang.org and
local godoc also leads to golang.org (when you don't have internet connectivity).
LGTM=crawshaw
R=golang-codereviews, crawshaw
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/100200043
This documents the status quo for most implementations,
with one exception: gc generates a run-time error for
constant but out-of-range indices when slicing a constant
string. See issue 7200 for a detailed discussion.
LGTM=r
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/72160044
The underlying type of the predeclared type error is not itself,
but the interface it is defined as.
Fixes#7444.
LGTM=r, rsc
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/71790044
This documents the implemented behavior of both
gc and gccgo as an implementation restriction.
NOT A LANGUAGE CHANGE.
Fixes#5425.
LGTM=rsc, r, iant
R=r, iant, rsc, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/71430043
gccgo considers built-in function calls returning a constant not as function call (issue 7386)
go/types considers any call (regular or built-in) as a function call
The wording and examples clarify that only "function calls" that are issued
at run-time (and thus do not result in a constant result) are considered
function calls in this case.
gc is inconsistent (issue 7385)
gccgo already interprets the spec accordingly and issue 7386 is moot.
go/types considers all calls (constant or not) as function calls (issue 7457).
Fixes#7387.
Fixes#7386.
LGTM=r, rsc, iant
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/66860046
An absent condition/tag in for and switch statements is equivalent
to the predeclared constant true; not simply the expression true
(which might lead to a locally defined true).
Not a language change.
Fixes#7404.
LGTM=iant, r
R=r, iant, rsc, ken
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/68150046
No change to the meaning, just bad writing found by
Doug McIlroy.
Let's start the new year off with a bang.
R=golang-codereviews, bradfitz, dave
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/47110044
Please note the slight rewording for append: The spec now
requires that append reuses the underlying array if it is
sufficiently large. Per majority sentiment.
This is technically a language change but the current
implementation always worked this way.
Fixes#5818.
Fixes#5180.
R=rsc, iant, r, ken, minux.ma, dan.kortschak, rogpeppe, go.peter.90
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/14419054
Make the break example slightly more interesting
Update #5725
Effective Go will be updated in a separate CL.
R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/13368054
Remove "References" section.
Remove most articles and redirect to blog.golang.org.
Move /ref/spec and /ref/mem to /doc/spec and /doc/mem.
Remove duplicate links from the remaining
"Documents", "The Project", and "Help" pages.
Defer to the wiki for more links and community content.
Update command reference and mention cover tool.
Add "Pop-out" text to the front page.
Pick one of four videos at random to feature on the front page.
Fixes#2547.
Fixes#5561.
Fixes#6321.
R=r, dominik.honnef
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/13724043
(Replacement for CL 11884043.)
1) Explain a[i] and a[i:j] where a is of type *A as
shortcut for (*a)[i] and (*a)[i:j], respectively.
2) Together with 1), because len() of nil slices is
well defined, there's no need to special case nil
operands anymore.
3) The result of indexing or slicing a constant string
is always a non-constant byte or string value.
4) The result of slicing an untyped string is a value
of type string.
5) If the operand of a valid slice a[i:j] is nil (i, j
must be 0 for it to be valid - this already follows
from the in-range rules), the result is a nil slice.
Fixes#4913.
Fixes#5951.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/12198043
CL submitted prematurely by mistake.
««« original CL description
spec: clarify index and selector expressions
1) Explain a[i] and a[i:j] where a is of type *A as
shortcut for (*a)[i] and (*a)[i:j], respectively.
2) Together with 1), because len() of nil slices is
well defined, there's no need to special case nil
operands anymore.
3) The result of indexing or slicing a constant string
is always a non-constant byte or string value.
4) The result of slicing an untyped string is a value
of type string.
5) If the operand of a valid slice a[i:j] is nil (i, j
must be 0 for it to be valid - this already follows
from the in-range rules), the result is a nil slice.
Fixes#4913.
Fixes#5951.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/11884043
»»»
R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/12170046
1) Explain a[i] and a[i:j] where a is of type *A as
shortcut for (*a)[i] and (*a)[i:j], respectively.
2) Together with 1), because len() of nil slices is
well defined, there's no need to special case nil
operands anymore.
3) The result of indexing or slicing a constant string
is always a non-constant byte or string value.
4) The result of slicing an untyped string is a value
of type string.
5) If the operand of a valid slice a[i:j] is nil (i, j
must be 0 for it to be valid - this already follows
from the in-range rules), the result is a nil slice.
Fixes#4913.
Fixes#5951.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/11884043
The notion of a named type is crucial for the definition
of type identity, assignability, definitions of methods.
Explicitly introduce the notion with an extra sentence.
Fixes#5682.
R=r, rsc, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/11055043
The existing compilers convert empty strings to empty
but non-nil byte and rune slices. The spec required
a nil byte and rune slice in those cases. That seems
an odd additional requirement. Adjust the spec to
match the reality.
Also, removed over-specification for conversions of
nil []byte and []rune: such nil slices already act
like empty slices and thus don't need extra language.
Added extra examples instead.
Fixes#5704.
R=rsc, r, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/10440045
Several old TODOs are either resolved now (e.g. when is a return
needed), or are from a time the language wasn't frozen (^ for uints
only). Consolidated the others.
R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/9599044
Although one may argue that they should be legal, gc (at least)
disallows byte order marks that are not the first code point
in the file. Added a sentence to the "Implementation restriction"
clause in the "Source code representation" section to document
this better.
Lifting this restriction (again - the rule has changed at least
twice already) would not break any existing programs, should
we later decide yet again to fiddle the rules about these little
fly specks.
R=golang-dev, dsymonds, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/8649043
Also:
- more consistenly use "xxx" statement rather than <code>xxx</code> statement
- fix/remove unnecessary links
R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7821050
Will help people find the rules by searching the spec by
having a comment saying "missing return";
"terminating statement" does not evoke the rule to the
uninitiated.
R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7838044
The rule is not concistently followed by gc.
It appears that gccgo is ignoring it. go/types
does not implement this rule. However, both
gccgo and now go/types can compile/type-check
the entire std library (and thus all the shift
expressions occuring in it) w/o errors. For
more details see the discussion in issue 4883.
Fixes#4880.
Fixes#4881.
Fixes#4883.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken, ken, mtj, rogpeppe
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7707043
The only functional change is the new section
on terminating statements.
There is a minor syntax rewrite (not change)
of function declarations to make it easier to
refer to the notion of a function from all places
where it is used (function decls, method decls,
and function literals).
Includes some minor fixes/additions of missing links.
Based closely on Russ' proposal.
Fixes#65.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7415050
Replacement for CL 7370053 which attempted to make fallthrough's
syntactically a part of switch statements. Because they may be
labeled, fixing that CL completely would require too much spec
surgery.
Fixes#4923.
R=r, iant, rsc, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7416048
This is documenting the status quo. The previous cleanup
added this language as an implementation restriction, but
at least for now it is really part of the language proper.
Fixes#4605.
R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7305071
The gc compilers already behave this way. It was an explicit
decision during the very long constant design discussions,
but it appears not to have made it into the spec.
Fixes#4398.
R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7313069
The spec is not clear about whether this is allowed or not,
but both compilers allow it, because the reflect implementation
takes advantage of it. Document current behavior.
Fixes#4679.
R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7303064
The spec talks explicitly about rune literals but the
respective production is still called char_lit for
historic reasons. Updated the two occurences.
Fixes#4602.
R=rsc, iant, r, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7070048
A composite literal may be parenthesized when
used as operand for the unary operator &.
R=rsc, iant, r, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6996053
This is language change. It is a backward-compatible
change but for code that relies on a run-time panic
when calling delete on a nil map (unlikely).
Fixes#4253.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken, bradfitz, rogpeppe
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6909060
We have been using all three terms "indices", "indexes",
and "index expressions" indiscriminatly for index values.
With this change, "index" refers to an index value,
"indices" is the plural of "index", and "index expression"
refers to an array, slice, or map indexed by an index: a[x].
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, mtj
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6912056
The spec didn't preclude invalid type assertions and
type switches, i.e., cases where a concrete type doesn't
implement the interface type in the assertion in the first
place. Both, the gc and gccgo compiler exclude these cases.
This is documenting the status quo.
Also:
- minor clean up of respective examples
- added sentence about default case in select statements
Fixes#4472.
R=rsc, iant, r, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6869050
Also:
- 'for' statements with a range clause do not accept send-only
channels
- '_, _ = range ch' is not equivalent to "_ = range ch" if ch
is a channel (rewriting the latter to the former leads to
an invalid range clause).
These clarifications document the status quo.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6874053
1) Built-ins are restricted like for expression statements.
This documents the status quo.
2) Calls cannot be parenthesized. The spec is not clear. gccgo
permits it already, gc doesn't. Be explicit in the spec.
Fixes#4462.
R=rsc, iant, r, ken, lvd
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6861043
We have the notion of a PackageName, not package identifier.
As is, it could construed that imports that rename a package
don't have an "imported package identifier" but a local one.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6858049
This is an attempt at making the interaction between
these three constructs clearer. Specifically:
- return statements terminate a function, execute deferred
functions, return to the caller, and then execution
continues after the call
- panic calls terminate a function, execute deferred
functions, return to the caller, and then re-panic
- deferred functions are executed before a function _returns_
to its caller
The hope is that with this change it becomes clear when a
deferred function is executed (when a function returns),
and when it is not (when a program exits).
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6736071
Both gc and gccgo always checked this for constant
expressions but the spec only mentions run-time
exceptions.
This CL also requires that constant divisors
must not be zero in non-constant integer expressions:
This is consistent with the spirit of the most
recent changes and it is consistent with constant
expressions. We don't want to specify the effect for
non-integer expressions (f/0.0 where f is a float or
complex number) because there the result f/g is not
further specified if a non-constant g is 0.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken, andybalholm, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6710045
This is a language change: Until now, the spec required run-
time panics for some of these errors. Note that gc and gccgo
implemented this inconsistently, and that both compilers already
reported compile-time errors in some cases. This change makes
make() behave along the same vein as index expressions.
This addresses the spec aspect of issue 4085.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6725053
At the moment, gc and gccgo report compile-
time errors for certain constant indexes that
are out of bounds. The spec however requests
a run-time panic for out-of-bounds indexes
(http://tip.golang.org/ref/spec#Indexes).
Document the status quo.
Fixes#4231.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6699048
Proposed new text to make matters clearer. The existing text was
unclear about the state of result parameters when panicking.
R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6653047
It's already there but only in the "for instance" and so not
clear enough: deferred functions run after
the result parameters are updated.
R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6631058
Also: Be explicit what operator means with respect to conversion types.
The parenthesis requirement is a language change. At the moment,
literal function types in conversions that cannot possibly be
followed by a '(' don't need parentheses. For instance:
func(int)int(x) -> same as (func(int)int)(x)
func()()(x) -> same as (func())(x)
but:
func(int)(x) -> could be func(int)x {...}
Fixes#4109.
R=rsc, r, iant, ken, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6584065
Also: Adjust prose in Conversions section
to be consistent.
This is a backward-compatible syntax change.
For a discussion see issue 2568.
Fixes#2568.
Fixes#4123.
R=golang-dev, r, iant, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6572049
Function and method calls are valid expression statements,
but calling certain built-in functions is not permitted.
Enumerate the built-ins.
Also: unsafe.Offsetof permits parenthesized selectors as
arguments.
This is simply documenting existing compiler behavior
(both gc and gccgo agree).
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6498138
Both gc and gccgo permit calls such as unsafe.Sizeof(42). The
spec only permits variable arguments. This is a (backward-compatible)
spec change reflecting the status quo. Seems preferrable over
restricting the compilers.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6494140
Strings happen to be represented similarly to
byte slices internally, but they don't quite
behave like them: While strings can be indexed,
sliced, and have their len() taken like byte
slices, string elements are not addressable,
make() and cap() is not supported, range loops
operate differently, and they are immutable (and
thus behave like values rather then references).
Fixes#4018.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6503116
The (and not) arguably sounds like it is trying to say something - and not what?.
Just an idea, won't be hurt if it gets rejected.
R=gri, dsymonds, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6498115
After further deliberation, let's back down to the Unicode proposal.
Ignoring aBOMinations anywhere means that things like
grep unsafe *.go
might fail because there's a BOM in the middle: unBOMsafe.
R=golang-dev, rsc, 0xjnml, gri, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6490091
No changes to the meaning, just clearer language and more
examples, including illegal rune and string literals.
In particular, "character literal" and "character constant"
are now called "rune literal" and "rune constant" and the
word "character" always refers to the source text, not
program values.
R=golang-dev, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448137
- point out difference between selectors and qualified identifiers
- differentiate between illegal selectors and run-time panics
- use "indirect" as opposed to "dereference" consistently
- add extra links
Fixes#3779.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6326059
- receiving from a closed channel returns immediately
- in the ,ok form, the 2nd result is of type bool, not
just boolean (gc and ggcgo agree).
Per dsymonds' suggestion.
R=r, rsc, ken, iant, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6333057
They have been deleted from package unsafe.
Also delete their appearance in exp/types.
Fixes#3338.
R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5847056
- Define what it means for two identifiers to be unique.
- The current spec is incorrect about exported
identifiers: for instance, it excluded fields
of non-exported types of exported variables
from being exported. It is easier to leave
the detailed specification away and let the
rest of the spec govern access of exported
identifiers.
- The current spec is incorrect about qualified
identifiers: It simply required that an identifier
be exported to be valid in a qualified identifier.
However, qualified identifiers can only access
exported identifiers declared in the package
block of the imported package.
Fixes#1551.
R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5711043
- more idiomatic examples of pointer types
- show use of _ in examples of function types
- remove "legal:" qualification in examples
for consistency
R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5711054
When we first wrote the method set definition, we had long
discussions about whether method sets applied to all types
or just named types, and we (or at least I) concluded that it
didn't matter: the two were equivalent points of view, because
the only way to introduce a new method was to write a method
function, which requires a named receiver type.
However, the addition of embedded types changed this.
Embedding can introduce a method without writing an explicit
method function, as in:
var x struct {
sync.Mutex
}
var px *struct {
sync.Mutex
}
var _, _ sync.Locker = &x, px
The edits in this CL make clear that both &x and px satisfy
sync.Locker. Today, gccgo already works this way; 6g does not.
R=golang-dev, gri, iant, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5702062
Or, depending on your point of view, make the
comparisons satisfy any surrounding boolean type.
Also, fix a few foo_bar -> fooBar in code fragments.
Fixes#2561.
R=golang-dev, r, bradfitz, gri, iant, kevlar
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5671096
Drop reference to "machine type." Specify that integer
overflow must be an error. Drop requirement that exponent
must be 128 bits--that's a lot. Clarify that floating point
expressions may be rounded, including intermediate values.
This is a reworking of https://golang.org/cl/5577068/ .
Fixes#2789.
R=r, rsc, r, gri, ken, ken, iant
CC=golang-dev, remyoudompheng
https://golang.org/cl/5655049
The paragraph describing the ellipses presents the horizontal ellipsis
in two different fonts and at least on my screen they look too different.
Switch to a consistent rendering.
Of small steps are great journeys undertaken.
R=golang-dev, rsc, dsymonds, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5650055
Other wordings are possible but defining this as one
of the ways to proceed means we don't have to add
language about this to the description of select.
Fixes#2825.
R=golang-dev, gri, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5643062
Document that indirection through a nil pointer will panic.
Explain function invocation.
This section will need more work, but it's a start.
Fixes#1865.
Fixes#2252.
R=rsc, iant, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5532114
This allows HTML pages to specify arbitrary data in a header:
<!--{
"Title": "The page title",
...
}-->
replacing the old style comments:
<!-- title The page title -->
R=gri, rsc, r, bradfitz, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5532093
- define "0-sized"
- add clarifying sentence to pointer comparison
- removed notion "location" which was used only in pointer comparisons
and which was never defined
Fixes#2620.
R=r, rsc, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5528053
Several places mentioned tokens spanning "multiple lines"
which is not a well-defined term in the spec; newline is.
R=golang-dev, rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5490046
This change guarantees that whether the line ending convention
when the source is created includes carriage returns is irrelevant
to the value of the string. See issue 680.
The compilers do not yet implement this.
R=golang-dev, adg, r, gri, rsc, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5491043
Also, clarify when interface comparison panics and
that comparison to nil is a special syntax rather than
a general comparison rule.
R=r, gri, r, iant, cw, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5440117
This is a spec correction, not a language change.
The implementations have behaved like this for years
(and there are tests to that effect), and elsewhere in
the spec true and false are defined to be untyped
boolean constants.
R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5477047
