1286 lines
60 KiB
Groff
1286 lines
60 KiB
Groff
.\" $Xorg: twm.man,v 1.4 2001/02/09 02:05:37 xorgcvs Exp $
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.\" Copyright 1993, 1994, 1998 The Open Group
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.\" Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation.
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.\" Portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its
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.\" documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that
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.\" the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
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.\" documentation.
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.\"
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.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
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.\" in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
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.\" OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OPEN GROUP BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
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.\" OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
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.\" ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
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.\" OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.\" Except as contained in this notice, the name of The Open Group shall
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.\" not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or
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.\" other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization
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.\" from The Open Group.
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.\"
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.\" $XFree86: xc/programs/twm/twm.man,v 1.9 2001/12/14 20:01:10 dawes Exp $
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.\"
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.de EX \"Begin example
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.ne 5
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.if n .sp 1
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.if t .sp .5
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.nf
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.in +.5i
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..
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.de EE
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.fi
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.in -.5i
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.if n .sp 1
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.if t .sp .5
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..
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.ta .3i .6i .9i 1.2i 1.5i 1.8i
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.TH TWM 1 __xorgversion__
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.SH NAME
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twm \- Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
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.SH SYNTAX
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\fBtwm \fP[ \fB\-display\fP \fIdpy\fP ] [ \fB\-s\fP ]
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[ \fB\-f\fP \fIinitfile\fP ] [ \fB\-v\fP ]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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\fITwm\fP is a window manager for the X Window System. It provides
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titlebars, shaped windows,
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several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions,
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click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified
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key and pointer button bindings.
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.PP
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This program is usually started by the user's session manager or
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startup script. When used from \fIxdm(1)\fP or \fIxinit(1)\fP without
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a session manager, \fItwm\fP is frequently executed in the foreground
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as the last client. When run this way, exiting \fItwm\fP causes the
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session to be terminated (i.e., logged out).
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.PP
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By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame'' with a
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titlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The titlebar
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contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is
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receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as ``titlebuttons'' at
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the left and right edges of the titlebar.
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.PP
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Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most
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button unless it has been changed with \fIxmodmap\fP) on a
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titlebutton will invoke the function associated with the button.
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In the default interface, windows are iconified by clicking (pressing
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and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which looks
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like a Dot). Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking in the
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associated icon or entry in the icon manager
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(see description of the variable
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\fBShowIconManager\fP and of the function \fBf.showiconmgr\fP).
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.PP
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Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles a
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group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be
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moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the desired
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size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or highlight
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region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then releasing
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when the outline is in the desired position. Just
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clicking in the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.
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.PP
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When new windows are created, \fItwm\fP will honor any size and location
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information requested by the user (usually through \fI-geometry\fP
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command line argument or resources for the individual applications).
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Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines
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dividing the
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window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed.
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Clicking pointer Button1
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will position the window at the current position and give it the default
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size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button)
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and dragging the outline
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will give the window its current position but allow the sides to be resized as
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described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button)
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will give the window its current position but attempt to make it long enough
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to touch the bottom the screen.
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.SH OPTIONS
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\fITwm\fP accepts the following command line options:
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.PP
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.TP 8
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.B \-display \fIdpy\fP
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This option specifies the X server to use.
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.TP 8
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.B \-s
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This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by
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\fB\-display\fP or by the \fBDISPLAY\fP environment variable) should be
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managed. By default, \fItwm\fP will attempt to manage
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all screens on the display.
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.TP 8
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.B \-f \fIfilename\fP
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This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. By default,
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\fItwm\fP will look in the user's home directory for files
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named \fI.twmrc.num\fP (where \fInum\fP is a screen number) or \fI.twmrc\fP.
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.TP 8
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.B \-v
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This option indicates that \fItwm\fP should print error messages whenever
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an unexpected X Error event is received. This can be useful when debugging
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applications but can be distracting in regular use.
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.SH CUSTOMIZATION
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.PP
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Much of \fItwm\fP's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing
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a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for
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each screen being managed when \fItwm\fP begins):
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.TP 8
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.B "$HOME/.twmrc.\fIscreennumber\fP"
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The \fIscreennumber\fP is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.)
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representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the DISPLAY environment
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variable \fIhost:displaynum.screennum\fP) that would be used to contact that
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screen of the display. This is intended for displays with multiple screens of
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differing visual types.
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.TP 8
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.B "$HOME/.twmrc"
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This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.
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.TP 8
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.B __projectroot__/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
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If neither of the preceding files are found, \fItwm\fP will look in this
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file for a
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default configuration. This is often tailored by the site administrator to
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provide convenient menus or familiar bindings for novice users.
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.PP
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If no startup files are found, \fItwm\fP will use the built-in defaults
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described above. The only resource used by \fItwm\fP is
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\fIbitmapFilePath\fP for a colon-separated list of directories to search
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when looking for bitmap files (for more information, see the \fIAthena
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Widgets\fP manual and \fIxrdb(1)\fP).
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.PP
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\fITwm\fP startup files are logically broken up into three types of
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specifications: \fIVariables\fP, \fIBindings\fP, \fIMenus\fP. The
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\fIVariables\fP section must come first and is used to describe the
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fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting,
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autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager.
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The \fIBindings\fP section usually comes second and is used to specify
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the functions that should be
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to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in
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windows, icons, titles, and frames. The \fIMenus\fP section gives any
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user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or
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commands to be executed).
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.PP
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Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be surrounded
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by double quote characters (e.g. "blue") and are case-sensitive.
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A pound sign (#) outside
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of a string causes the remainder of the line in which the character appears to
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be treated as a comment.
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.SH VARIABLES
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.PP
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Many of the aspects of \fItwm\fP's user interface are controlled by variables
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that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the options are
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enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword. Other
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options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.
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.PP
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Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by
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whitespace or a newline. For example:
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.EX 0
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\fBAutoRaise\fP { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
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.EE
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or
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.EX 0
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\fBAutoRaise\fP
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{
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"emacs"
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"XTerm"
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"Xmh"
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}
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.EE
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When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is searched
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(e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as shown above), a string
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must be an exact, case-sensitive match to
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the window's name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name
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or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preceding
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example would enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as well as any
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\fIxterm\fP (since they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows
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(which are of class ``Xmh'').
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.PP
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String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the \fBPixmaps\fP,
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\fBCursors\fP, and \fBIconDirectory\fP below) will
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prepend the user's directory
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(specified by the \fBHOME\fP environment variable) if the first character is a
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tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is
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assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to
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create the default titlebars symbols: \fB:xlogo\fP
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or \fB:delete\fP (both refer to the X logo),
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\fB:dot\fP or \fB:iconify\fP (both refer to the dot),
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\fB:resize\fP (the nested squares used by the resize button),
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\fB:menu\fP (a page with lines),
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and \fB:question\fP (the question mark used for non-existent
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bitmap files).
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.PP
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The following variables may be specified at the top of a \fItwm\fP startup
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file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by \fIwin-list\fP.
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Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:
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.IP "\fBAutoRaise\fP { \fIwin-list\fP }" 8
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This variable specifies a list of windows that should automatically be
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raised whenever the pointer enters the window. This action can be
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interactively
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enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function \fBf.autoraise\fP.
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.IP "\fBAutoRelativeResize\fP" 8
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This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when
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initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing it)
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should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges.
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Instead, moving
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the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the
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same amount. This allows the resizing of windows that extend off
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the edge of the screen.
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If the pointer is
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in the center of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a
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titlebutton, \fItwm\fP will still wait for the pointer to cross a window
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edge (to prevent accidents). This option is
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particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of
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sweeping out window sizes.
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.IP "\fBBorderColor\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwincolorlist\fP }]" 8
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This variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed around
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all
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non-iconified windows, and may only be given within a \fBColor\fP,
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\fBGrayscale\fP or
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\fBMonochrome\fP list. The optional \fIwincolorlist\fP specifies a list
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of window and color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for
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different types of windows. For example:
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.EX 0
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\fBBorderColor\fP "gray50"
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{
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"XTerm" "red"
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"xmh" "green"
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}
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.EE
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The default is "black".
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.IP "\fBBorderTileBackground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwincolorlist\fP }]" 8
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This variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern
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used in unhighlighted borders (only if \fBNoHighlight\fP hasn't been set),
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and may only be given within a \fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The
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optional \fIwincolorlist\fP allows per-window colors to be specified.
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The default is "white".
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.IP "\fBBorderTileForeground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwincolorlist\fP }]" 8
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This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray pattern
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used in unhighlighted borders (only
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if \fBNoHighlight\fP hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
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\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The optional \fIwincolorlist\fP allows
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per-window colors to be specified. The default is "black".
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.IP "\fBBorderWidth\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
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This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
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all client window frames if \fBClientBorderWidth\fP has not been specified.
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This value is also used to set the border size of windows created by \fItwm\fP
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(such as the icon manager). The default is 2.
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.IP "\fBButtonIndent\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
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This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be
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indented on all sides. Positive values cause the buttons to be smaller than
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the window text and highlight area so that they stand out. Setting this
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and the \fBTitleButtonBorderWidth\fP variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as
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tall and wide as possible. The default is 1.
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.IP "\fBClientBorderWidth\fP" 8
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This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame should be set to
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the initial border width of the window, rather than to the value of
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\fBBorderWidth\fP.
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.IP "\fBColor\fP { \fIcolors-list\fP }" 8
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This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the default
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display is capable of displaying more than simple black and white. The
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\fIcolors-list\fP is made up of the following color variables and their values:
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\fBDefaultBackground\fP,
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\fBDefaultForeground\fP,
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\fBMenuBackground\fP,
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\fBMenuForeground\fP,
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\fBMenuTitleBackground\fP,
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\fBMenuTitleForeground\fP,
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\fBMenuShadowColor\fP,
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\fBMenuBorderColor\fP,
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\fBPointerForeground\fP, and
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\fBPointerBackground\fP.
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The following
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color variables may also be given a list of window and color name pairs to
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allow per-window colors to be specified (see \fBBorderColor\fP for details):
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\fBBorderColor\fP,
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\fBIconManagerHighlight\fP,
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\fBBorderTitleBackground\fP,
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\fBBorderTitleForeground\fP,
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\fBTitleBackground\fP,
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\fBTitleForeground\fP,
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\fBIconBackground\fP,
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\fBIconForeground\fP,
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\fBIconBorderColor\fP,
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\fBIconManagerBackground\fP, and
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\fBIconManagerForeground\fP.
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For example:
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.EX 0
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\fBColor\fP
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{
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MenuBackground "gray50"
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MenuForeground "blue"
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BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
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TitleForeground "yellow"
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TitleBackground "blue"
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}
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.EE
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All of these color variables may also be specified for the \fBMonochrome\fP
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variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used on both color and
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monochrome displays.
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.IP "\fBConstrainedMoveTime\fP \fImilliseconds\fP" 8
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This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks needed to
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begin
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a constrained move operation. Double clicking within this amount
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of time when invoking \fBf.move\fP will cause the window to be moved only
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in a horizontal or vertical direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable
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constrained moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.
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.IP "\fBCursors\fP { \fIcursor-list\fP }" 8
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This variable specifies the glyphs that \fItwm\fP should use for various
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pointer cursors. Each cursor
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may be defined either from the \fBcursor\fP font or from two bitmap files.
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Shapes from the \fBcursor\fP font may be specified directly as:
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.EX 0
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\fIcursorname\fP "\fIstring\fP"
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.EE
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where \fIcursorname\fP is one of the cursor names listed below, and
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\fIstring\fP is the name of a glyph as found in the file
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.I __projectroot__/include/X11/cursorfont.h
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(without the ``XC_'' prefix).
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If the cursor is to be defined
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from bitmap files, the following syntax is used instead:
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.EX 0
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\fIcursorname\fP "\fIimage\fP" "\fImask\fP"
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.EE
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The \fIimage\fP and \fImask\fP strings specify the names of files containing
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the glyph image and mask in \fIbitmap(1)\fP form.
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The bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap files.
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The following example shows the default cursor definitions:
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.EX 0
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\fBCursors\fP
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{
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Frame "top_left_arrow"
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Title "top_left_arrow"
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Icon "top_left_arrow"
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IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
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Move "fleur"
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Resize "fleur"
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Menu "sb_left_arrow"
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Button "hand2"
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Wait "watch"
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Select "dot"
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Destroy "pirate"
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}
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.EE
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.IP "\fBDecorateTransients\fP" 8
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This variable indicates that transient windows (those containing a
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WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars. By default, transients
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are not reparented.
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.IP "\fBDefaultBackground\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
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This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and
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information windows. The default is "white".
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.IP "\fBDefaultForeground\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
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This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing and
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information windows. The default is "black".
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.IP "\fBDontIconifyByUnmapping\fP { \fIwin-list\fP }" 8
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This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconified by
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|
simply unmapping the window (as would be the case if \fBIconifyByUnmapping\fP
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had been set). This is frequently used to force some windows to be treated
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|
as icons while other windows are handled by the icon manager.
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|
.IP "\fBDontMoveOff\fP" 8
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|
This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved off the
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|
screen. It can be overridden by the \fBf.forcemove\fP function.
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|
.IP "\fBDontSqueezeTitle\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }] " 8
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|
This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their
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minimum size as described under \fBSqueezeTitle\fP below.
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If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be
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prevented from being squeezed.
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.IP "\fBForceIcons\fP" 8
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|
This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the \fBIcons\fP
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|
variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.
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|
.IP "\fBFramePadding\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
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|
This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations (the
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|
button and text) and the window frame. The default is 2 pixels.
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|
.IP "\fBGrayscale\fP { \fIcolors\fP }" 8
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|
This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if
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the screen has a GrayScale default visual. See the description of \fBColors\fP.
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|
.IP "\fBIconBackground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
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|
This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may
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|
only be specified inside of a \fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
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|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified. See the \fBBorderColor\fP
|
|
variable for a complete description of the \fIwin-list\fP.
|
|
The default is "white".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconBorderColor\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows, and
|
|
may only be specified inside of a \fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified. See the \fBBorderColor\fP
|
|
variable for a complete description of the \fIwin-list\fP.
|
|
The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconBorderWidth\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
|
|
icon windows. The default is 2.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconDirectory\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if
|
|
if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories
|
|
in the \fBbitmapFilePath\fP resource.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconFont\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names within
|
|
icons. The default is "variable".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconForeground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icons,
|
|
and may only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified. See the \fBBorderColor\fP
|
|
variable for a complete description of the \fIwin-list\fP.
|
|
The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconifyByUnmapping [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being unmapped
|
|
without trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user will
|
|
remap the window through the icon manager, the \fBf.warpto\fP function, or
|
|
the \fITwmWindows\fP menu.
|
|
If the optional \fIwin-list\fP is provided, only those windows will be
|
|
iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this and the
|
|
\fBIconManagerDontShow\fP options set may not be accessible if no binding
|
|
to the \fITwmWindows\fP menu is set in the user's startup file.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerBackground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager entries,
|
|
and may only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified. See the \fBBorderColor\fP
|
|
variable for a complete description of the \fIwin-list\fP.
|
|
The default is "white".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerDontShow\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display any
|
|
windows. If the optional \fIwin-list\fP is given, only those windows will
|
|
not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are rarely
|
|
iconified (such as \fIxclock\fP or \fIxload\fP) from taking up space in
|
|
the icon manager.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerFont\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon manager
|
|
entries. The default is "variable".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerForeground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying
|
|
icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified. See the \fBBorderColor\fP
|
|
variable for a complete description of the \fIwin-list\fP.
|
|
The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerGeometry\fP \fIstring\fP [ \fIcolumns\fP ]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window. The
|
|
\fIstring\fP argument is standard geometry specification that indicates
|
|
the initial full size of the icon manager. The icon manager window is
|
|
then broken into \fIcolumns\fP pieces and scaled according to the number
|
|
of entries in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form
|
|
additional rows. The default number of columns is 1.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerHighlight\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting
|
|
the icon manager entry that currently has the focus,
|
|
and can only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified. See the \fBBorderColor\fP
|
|
variable for a complete description of the \fIwin-list\fP.
|
|
The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagers\fP { \fIiconmgr-list\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create. Each item in the
|
|
\fIiconmgr-list\fP has the following format:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
"\fIwinname\fP" ["\fIiconname\fP"] "\fIgeometry\fP" \fIcolumns\fP
|
|
.EE
|
|
where \fIwinname\fP is the name of the windows that should be put into this
|
|
icon manager, \fIiconname\fP is the name of that icon manager window's icon,
|
|
\fIgeometry\fP is a standard geometry specification, and \fIcolumns\fP is
|
|
the number of columns in this icon manager as described in
|
|
\fBIconManagerGeometry\fP. For example:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBIconManagers\fP
|
|
{
|
|
"XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5
|
|
"myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry created
|
|
in the ``XTerm'' icon manager. Clients whose name was ``myhost'' would
|
|
be put into the ``myhost'' icon manager.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconManagerShow\fP { \fIwin-list\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in the icon
|
|
manager. When used in conjunction with the \fBIconManagerDontShow\fP
|
|
variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in the icon manager.
|
|
.IP "\fBIconRegion\fP \fIgeomstring\fP \fIvgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight\fP"
|
|
This variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons are placed
|
|
if no specific icon location is provided by the client. The \fIgeomstring\fP
|
|
is a quoted string containing a standard geometry specification.
|
|
If more than one
|
|
\fBIconRegion\fP lines are given,
|
|
icons will be put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is full.
|
|
The \fIvgrav\fP argument should be either \fBNorth\fP or \fBSouth\fP and
|
|
control and is used to control whether icons are first filled in from the
|
|
top or bottom of the icon region. Similarly, the \fIhgrav\fP argument should
|
|
be either \fBEast\fP or \fBWest\fP and is used to control whether icons should
|
|
be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid out within the region
|
|
in a grid with cells \fIgridwidth\fP pixels wide and \fIgridheight\fP pixels
|
|
high.
|
|
.IP "\fBIcons\fP { \fIwin-list\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap filenames that
|
|
should be used as their icons. For example:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBIcons\fP
|
|
{
|
|
"XTerm" "xterm.icon"
|
|
"xfd" "xfd_icon"
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconified by unmapping, and
|
|
would try to use
|
|
the icon bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''. If \fBForceIcons\fP is
|
|
specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client has requested its
|
|
own icon pixmap.
|
|
.IP "\fBInterpolateMenuColors\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpolated between
|
|
entry specified colors. In the example below:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBMenu\fP "mymenu"
|
|
{
|
|
"Title" ("black":"red") f.title
|
|
"entry1" f.nop
|
|
"entry2" f.nop
|
|
"entry3" ("white":"green") f.nop
|
|
"entry4" f.nop
|
|
"entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be interpolated
|
|
between black and white, and the background colors between red and green.
|
|
Similarly, the foreground for ``entry4'' will be half-way between white and
|
|
red, and the background will be half-way between green and white.
|
|
.IP "\fBMakeTitle\fP { \fIwin-list\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be placed
|
|
and is used to request titles on specific windows when \fBNoTitle\fP has been
|
|
set.
|
|
.IP "\fBMaxWindowSize\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height
|
|
give the maximum size for a given window. This is typically used to
|
|
restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default width is 32767 -
|
|
screen width. The default height is 32767 - screen height.
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuBackground\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the background color used for menus,
|
|
and can only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The default is "white".
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuBorderColor\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the color of the menu border and can only be specified
|
|
inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuBorderWidth\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
|
|
menu windows. The default is 2.
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuFont\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus. The default
|
|
is "variable".
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuForeground\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus,
|
|
and can only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuShadowColor\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus
|
|
and can only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuTitleBackground\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the background color for \fBf.title\fP entries in
|
|
menus, and
|
|
can only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The default is "white".
|
|
.IP "\fBMenuTitleForeground\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the foreground color for \fBf.title\fP entries in
|
|
menus and
|
|
can only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list. The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBMonochrome\fP { \fIcolors\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if
|
|
the screen has a depth of 1. See the description of \fBColors\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBMoveDelta\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer
|
|
must move before the \fBf.move\fP function starts working. Also
|
|
see the \fBf.deltastop\fP function. The default is zero pixels.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoBackingStore\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that \fItwm\fP's menus should not request backing
|
|
store to minimize repainting of menus. This is typically
|
|
used with servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoCaseSensitive\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon names
|
|
in an icon manager. This option is typically used with applications that
|
|
capitalize the first letter of their icon name.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoDefaults\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that \fItwm\fP should not supply the default
|
|
titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only be used if the startup
|
|
file contains a completely new set of bindings and definitions.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoGrabServer\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that \fItwm\fP should not grab the server
|
|
when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoHighlight\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to track the
|
|
location of the pointer. If the optional \fIwin-list\fP is given, highlighting
|
|
will only be disabled for those windows.
|
|
When the border is highlighted, it will
|
|
be drawn in the current \fBBorderColor\fP. When the border is not
|
|
highlighted, it will be stippled with a gray pattern using the
|
|
current \fBBorderTileForeground\fP and \fBBorderTileBackground\fP colors.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoIconManagers\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoMenuShadows\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows drawn behind
|
|
them. This is typically used with slower servers since it speeds up menu
|
|
drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly harder to read.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoRaiseOnDeiconify\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be
|
|
raised.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoRaiseOnMove\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved. This
|
|
is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoRaiseOnResize\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when resized. This
|
|
is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each other.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoRaiseOnWarp\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the pointer
|
|
is warped into them with the \fBf.warpto\fP function. If this option is set,
|
|
warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer ending up in the
|
|
occluding window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior
|
|
with \fBf.warpring\fP).
|
|
.IP "\fBNoSaveUnders\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders to minimize
|
|
window repainting following menu selection. It is typically used with displays
|
|
that can repaint faster than they can handle save-unders.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoStackMode\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that client window requests to change stacking order
|
|
should be ignored. If the optional \fIwin-list\fP is given, only requests on
|
|
those windows will be ignored. This is typically used to prevent applications
|
|
from relentlessly popping themselves to the front of the window stack.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoTitle\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }] " 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars. If the
|
|
optional \fIwin-list\fP is given, only those windows will not have titlebars.
|
|
\fBMakeTitle\fP may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put
|
|
on specific windows.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoTitleFocus\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that \fItwm\fP should not set keyboard input focus to
|
|
each window as it is entered. Normally, \fItwm\fP sets the focus
|
|
so that focus and key events from the titlebar and
|
|
icon managers are delivered to the application. If the pointer is moved
|
|
quickly and \fItwm\fP is slow to respond, input can be directed to the old
|
|
window instead of the new. This option is typically
|
|
used to prevent this ``input lag'' and to
|
|
work around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus events.
|
|
.IP "\fBNoTitleHighlight\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar, which is
|
|
used to indicate the window that currently has the input focus, should not
|
|
be displayed. If the optional \fIwin-list\fP is given, only those windows
|
|
will not have highlight areas. This and the \fBSqueezeTitle\fP options
|
|
can be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by
|
|
titlebars.
|
|
.IP "\fBOpaqueMove\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that the \fBf.move\fP function should actually move
|
|
the window instead of just an outline so that the user can immediately see
|
|
what the window will look like in the new position. This option is typically
|
|
used on fast displays (particularly if \fBNoGrabServer\fP is set).
|
|
.IP "\fBPixmaps\fP { \fIpixmaps\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appearance of various
|
|
images. Each entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a
|
|
string giving the name of the bitmap file. The following pixmaps
|
|
may be specified:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBPixmaps\fP
|
|
{
|
|
TitleHighlight "gray1"
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
The default for \fITitleHighlight\fP is to use an even stipple pattern.
|
|
.IP "\fBPriority\fP \fIpriority\fP" 8
|
|
This variable sets \fItwm\fP's priority. \fIpriority\fP should be an
|
|
unquoted, signed number (e.g. 999). This variable has an effect only
|
|
if the server supports the SYNC extension.
|
|
.IP "\fBRandomPlacement\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry should
|
|
be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having the user drag out
|
|
an outline.
|
|
.IP "\fBResizeFont\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when
|
|
resizing windows. The default is "fixed".
|
|
.IP "\fBRestartPreviousState\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that
|
|
\fItwm\fP should attempt to use the WM_STATE property on client windows
|
|
to tell which windows should be iconified and which should be left visible.
|
|
This is typically used to try to regenerate the state that the screen
|
|
was in before the previous window manager was shutdown.
|
|
.IP "\fBSaveColor\fP { \fIcolors-list\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as pixel
|
|
values in the root window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients may elect
|
|
to preserve these values when installing their own colormap. Note that
|
|
use of this mechanism is a way an for application to avoid the "technicolor"
|
|
problem, whereby useful screen objects such as window borders and titlebars
|
|
disappear when a programs custom colors are installed by the window
|
|
manager.
|
|
For example:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBSaveColor\fP
|
|
{
|
|
BorderColor
|
|
TitleBackground
|
|
TitleForeground
|
|
"red"
|
|
"green"
|
|
"blue"
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and titlebars,
|
|
as well as the three color strings, all taken from the default colormap.
|
|
.IP "\fBShowIconManager\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be displayed when
|
|
\fItwm\fP is started. It can always be brought up using the
|
|
\fBf.showiconmgr\fP function.
|
|
.IP "\fBSortIconManager\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be
|
|
sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new windows to
|
|
the end.
|
|
.IP "\fBSqueezeTitle\fP [{ \fIsqueeze-list\fP }] " 8
|
|
This variable indicates that \fItwm\fP should attempt to use the SHAPE
|
|
extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as they need,
|
|
rather than extending all the way across the top of the window.
|
|
The optional \fIsqueeze-list\fP
|
|
may be used to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the
|
|
top of the window. It contains entries of the form:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
"\fIname\fP" \fIjustification\fP \fInum\fP \fIdenom\fP
|
|
.EE
|
|
where \fIname\fP is a window name, \fIjustification\fP is either \fBleft\fP,
|
|
\fBcenter\fP, or \fBright\fP, and \fInum\fP and \fIdenom\fP
|
|
are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative position about which
|
|
the titlebar is justified. The ratio is measured from left to right if
|
|
the numerator is positive, and right to left if negative. A denominator
|
|
of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in pixels. For
|
|
convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for \fBcenter\fP and -1/1
|
|
for \fBright\fP. For example:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBSqueezeTitle\fP
|
|
{
|
|
"XTerm" left 0 0
|
|
"xterm1" left 1 3
|
|
"xterm2" left 2 3
|
|
"oclock" center 0 0
|
|
"emacs" right 0 0
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
The \fBDontSqueezeTitle\fP list can be used to turn off squeezing on
|
|
certain titles.
|
|
.IP "\fBStartIconified\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }] " 8
|
|
This variable indicates that client windows should initially be left as
|
|
icons until explicitly deiconified by the user. If the optional \fIwin-list\fP
|
|
is given, only those windows will be started iconic. This is useful for
|
|
programs that do not support an \fI-iconic\fP command line option or
|
|
resource.
|
|
.IP "\fBTitleBackground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars,
|
|
and may only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified.
|
|
The default is "white".
|
|
.IP "\fBTitleButtonBorderWidth\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding
|
|
titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as
|
|
much space as possible and to not have a border.
|
|
The default is 1.
|
|
.IP "\fBTitleFont\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the font to be used for displaying window names in
|
|
titlebars. The default is "variable".
|
|
.IP "\fBTitleForeground\fP \fIstring\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and
|
|
may only be specified inside of a
|
|
\fBColor\fP, \fBGrayscale\fP or \fBMonochrome\fP list.
|
|
The optional \fIwin-list\fP is a list of window names and colors so that
|
|
per-window colors may be specified.
|
|
The default is "black".
|
|
.IP "\fBTitlePadding\fP \fIpixels\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the distance between the various buttons, text, and
|
|
highlight areas in the titlebar. The default is 8 pixels.
|
|
.IP "\fBUnknownIcon\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be
|
|
used as the default icon. This bitmap will be used as the icon of all
|
|
clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed
|
|
in the \fBIcons\fP list.
|
|
.IP "\fBUsePPosition\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies whether or not \fItwm\fP should honor
|
|
program-requested locations (given by the \fBPPosition\fP flag in the
|
|
WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-specified position.
|
|
The argument \fIstring\fP may have one of three values: \fB"off"\fP
|
|
(the default)
|
|
indicating that \fItwm\fP
|
|
should ignore the program-supplied position,
|
|
\fB"on"\fP indicating that the position
|
|
should be used, and
|
|
\fB"non-zero"\fP indicating that the position should used if
|
|
it is other than (0,0). The latter option is for working around a bug in
|
|
older toolkits.
|
|
.IP "\fBWarpCursor\fP [{ \fIwin-list\fP }]" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when
|
|
they are deiconified. If the optional \fIwin-list\fP is given, the pointer
|
|
will only be warped when those windows are deiconified.
|
|
.IP "\fBWindowRing\fP { \fIwin-list\fP }" 8
|
|
This variable specifies a list of windows along which the \fBf.warpring\fP
|
|
function cycles.
|
|
.IP "\fBWarpUnmapped\fP" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that the \fBf.warpto\fP function should deiconify
|
|
any iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to make a key
|
|
binding that will pop a particular window (such as \fIxmh\fP), no matter
|
|
where it is. The default is for \fBf.warpto\fP to ignore iconified windows.
|
|
.IP "\fBXorValue\fP \fInumber\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window outlines for
|
|
moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will result in a
|
|
variety of
|
|
of distinguishable colors when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the
|
|
user's typical screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results
|
|
if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct. By default,
|
|
\fItwm\fP will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite
|
|
end of the colormap from the graphics.
|
|
.IP "\fBZoom\fP [ \fIcount\fP ]" 8
|
|
This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window
|
|
to and from its iconified state should be displayed whenever a window is
|
|
iconified or deiconified. The optional \fIcount\fP argument specifies the
|
|
number of outlines to be drawn. The default count is 8.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following variables must be set after the fonts have been
|
|
assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables
|
|
or beginning of the bindings sections:
|
|
.IP "\fBDefaultFunction\fP \fIfunction\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or button
|
|
event is received for which no binding is provided. This is typically
|
|
bound to \fBf.nop\fP, \fBf.beep\fP, or a menu containing window operations.
|
|
.IP "\fBWindowFunction\fP \fIfunction\fP" 8
|
|
This variable specifies the function to execute when a window is selected
|
|
from the \fBTwmWindows\fP menu. If this variable is not set, the window
|
|
will be deiconified and raised.
|
|
.SH BINDINGS
|
|
.PP
|
|
After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached
|
|
titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added
|
|
from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-right
|
|
according to the
|
|
order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button
|
|
bindings may be given in any order.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in
|
|
the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is
|
|
pressed within them:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBLeftTitleButton\fP "\fIbitmapname\fP" = \fIfunction\fP
|
|
.EE
|
|
or
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBRightTitleButton\fP "\fIbitmapname\fP" = \fIfunction\fP
|
|
.EE
|
|
The \fIbitmapname\fP may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps
|
|
(which are scaled to match \fBTitleFont\fP) by using the appropriate
|
|
colon-prefixed name described above.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must
|
|
be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what
|
|
function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the
|
|
appropriate
|
|
keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords \fBButton1\fP-\fBButton5\fP:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
"FP1" = \fImodlist\fP : \fIcontext\fP : \fIfunction\fP
|
|
\fBButton1\fP = \fImodlist\fP : \fIcontext\fP : \fIfunction\fP
|
|
.EE
|
|
The \fImodlist\fP is any combination of the modifier names \fBshift\fP,
|
|
\fBcontrol\fP, \fBlock\fP, \fBmeta\fP, \fBmod1\fP, \fBmod2\fP, \fBmod3\fP,
|
|
\fBmod4\fP, or \fBmod5\fP (which may be abbreviated as
|
|
\fBs\fP, \fBc\fP, \fBl\fP, \fBm\fP, \fBm1\fP, \fBm2\fP, \fBm3\fP, \fBm4\fP,
|
|
\fBm5\fP, respectively) separated by a vertical bar (\(or).
|
|
Similarly, the \fIcontext\fP is any combination of
|
|
\fBwindow\fP,
|
|
\fBtitle\fP,
|
|
\fBicon\fP,
|
|
\fBroot\fP,
|
|
\fBframe\fP,
|
|
\fBiconmgr\fP, their first letters (\fBiconmgr\fP abbreviation is \fBm\fP),
|
|
or \fBall\fP,
|
|
separated by a vertical bar. The \fIfunction\fP is any of the \fBf.\fP
|
|
keywords described below. For example, the default startup
|
|
file contains the following bindings:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows"
|
|
Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
|
|
Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
|
|
Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
|
|
Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
|
|
Button2 = : title : f.raiselower
|
|
Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify"
|
|
Button2 = : icon : f.iconify
|
|
Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
|
|
Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
|
|
.EE
|
|
A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could
|
|
use the following bindings:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
"F1" = : all : f.iconify
|
|
"F2" = : all : f.raiselower
|
|
"F3" = : all : f.warpring "next"
|
|
"F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh"
|
|
"F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs"
|
|
"F6" = : all : f.colormap "next"
|
|
"F7" = : all : f.colormap "default"
|
|
"F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
|
|
"Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr
|
|
"Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr
|
|
"Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr
|
|
"Down" = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr
|
|
.EE
|
|
\fITwm\fP provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be
|
|
conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although
|
|
a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the \fBNoDefaults\fP is
|
|
specified), most users will want to have their most common operations
|
|
bound to key and button strokes. To do this, \fItwm\fP associates names
|
|
with each of the primitives and provides \fIuser-defined functions\fP for
|
|
building higher level primitives and \fImenus\fP for interactively selecting
|
|
among groups of functions.
|
|
.PP
|
|
User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in
|
|
calls to \fBf.function\fP and a list of other functions to execute. For
|
|
example:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
|
|
Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
|
|
Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
|
|
Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
|
|
.EE
|
|
The function name must be used in \fBf.function\fP exactly as it appears in
|
|
the function specification.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the selected
|
|
window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be changed to
|
|
the \fBSelect\fP cursor and the next window to receive a button press will
|
|
be chosen:
|
|
.IP "\fB!\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This is an abbreviation for \fBf.exec\fP \fIstring\fP.
|
|
.\"OBSOLETE - use a clipboard client
|
|
.\".IP "\fB^\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
.\"This is an abbreviation for \fBf.cut\fP \fIstring\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.autoraise\fP" 8
|
|
This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised whenever
|
|
entered by the pointer. See the description of the variable \fBAutoRaise\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.backiconmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the
|
|
current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if necessary.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.beep\fP" 8
|
|
This function sounds the keyboard bell.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.bottomzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is similar to the \fBf.fullzoom\fP function, but
|
|
resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.circledown\fP" 8
|
|
This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another window.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.circleup\fP" 8
|
|
This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.colormap\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS
|
|
property on the window) that \fItwm\fP will display when the pointer
|
|
is in this window. The argument \fIstring\fP may have one of the following
|
|
values: \fB"next"\fP, \fB"prev"\fP, and \fB"default"\fP. It should be noted
|
|
here that in general, the installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus.
|
|
A pointer driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap upon entry
|
|
of the window owning the colormap. Using the click to type model, private
|
|
colormaps will not be installed until the user presses a mouse button on
|
|
the target window.
|
|
.\"OBSOLETE - should go away and use a clipboard.
|
|
.\".IP "\fBf.cut\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
.\"This function places the specified \fIstring\fP (followed by a newline
|
|
.\"character) into the root window property CUT_BUFFER0.
|
|
.\".IP "\fBf.cutfile\fP" 8
|
|
.\"This function reads the file indicated by the contents of the CUT_BUFFER0
|
|
.\"window property and replaces the cut buffer.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.deiconify\fP" 8
|
|
This function deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an icon,
|
|
this function does nothing.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.delete\fP" 8
|
|
This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected window if
|
|
the client application has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window
|
|
property. The application is supposed to respond to the message by removing
|
|
the indicated window. If the window has not requested
|
|
WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that
|
|
the user should choose an alternative method. Note this is very different
|
|
from f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single window, not
|
|
necessarily the entire application.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.deltastop\fP" 8
|
|
This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has
|
|
been moved more than \fIMoveDelta\fP pixels. See the example definition
|
|
given for \fBFunction "move-or-raise"\fP at the beginning of the section.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.destroy\fP" 8
|
|
This function instructs the X server to close the display connection of the
|
|
client that created the selected window. This should only be used as a last
|
|
resort for shutting down runaway clients. See also f.delete.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.downiconmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon manger,
|
|
wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.exec\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function passes the argument \fIstring\fP to /bin/sh for execution.
|
|
In multiscreen mode, if \fIstring\fP starts a new X client without
|
|
giving a display argument, the client will appear on the screen from
|
|
which this function was invoked.
|
|
.\".IP "\fBf.file\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
.\"This function assumes \fIstring\fP is a file name. This file is read into
|
|
.\"the window server's cut buffer.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.focus\fP" 8
|
|
This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the
|
|
selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary.
|
|
If the selected window already was focused, this function executes an
|
|
\fBf.unfocus\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.forcemove\fP" 8
|
|
This function is like \fBf.move\fP except that it ignores the \fBDontMoveOff\fP
|
|
variable.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.forwiconmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon
|
|
manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if necessary.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.fullzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function resizes the selected window to the full size of the display or
|
|
else restores the original size if the window was already zoomed.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.function\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function executes the user-defined function whose name is specified
|
|
by the argument \fIstring\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.hbzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is a synonym for \fBf.bottomzoom\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.hideiconmgr\fP" 8
|
|
This function unmaps the current icon manager.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.horizoom\fP" 8
|
|
This variable is similar to the \fBf.zoom\fP function except that the
|
|
selected window is resized to the full width of the display.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.htzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is a synonym for \fBf.topzoom\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.hzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is a synonym for \fBf.horizoom\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.iconify\fP" 8
|
|
This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.identify\fP" 8
|
|
This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the
|
|
selected window. If the server supports the SYNC extension, the priority
|
|
of the client owning the window is also displayed.
|
|
Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the window
|
|
will dismiss it.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.lefticonmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function similar to \fBf.backiconmgr\fP except that wrapping does not
|
|
change rows.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.leftzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This variable is similar to the \fBf.bottomzoom\fP function but causes
|
|
the selected window is only resized to the left half of the display.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.lower\fP" 8
|
|
This function lowers the selected window.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.menu\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function invokes the menu specified by the argument \fIstring\fP.
|
|
Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to \fBf.menu\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.move\fP" 8
|
|
This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the window itself
|
|
if the \fBOpaqueMove\fP variable is set) until the invoking pointer button
|
|
is released. Double clicking within the number of milliseconds given by
|
|
\fBConstrainedMoveTime\fP warps
|
|
the pointer to the center of the window and
|
|
constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which
|
|
grid line is crossed.
|
|
To abort a move, press another button before releasing the
|
|
first button.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.nexticonmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any windows
|
|
on the current or any succeeding screen.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.nop\fP" 8
|
|
This function does nothing and is typically used with the \fBDefaultFunction\fP
|
|
or \fBWindowFunction\fP variables or to introduce blank lines in menus.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.previconmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager containing any
|
|
windows on the current or preceding screens.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.priority\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function sets the priority of the client owning the selected window to
|
|
the numeric value of the argument \fIstring\fP, which should be a signed
|
|
integer in double quotes (e.g. "999" ). This function has an effect only
|
|
if the server supports the SYNC extension.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.quit\fP" 8
|
|
This function causes \fItwm\fP to restore the window's borders and exit. If
|
|
\fItwm\fP is the first client invoked from \fIxdm\fP, this will result in a
|
|
server reset.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.raise\fP" 8
|
|
This function raises the selected window.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.raiselower\fP" 8
|
|
This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking order if
|
|
it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.refresh\fP" 8
|
|
This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.resize\fP" 8
|
|
This function displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a border
|
|
(or setting \fBAutoRelativeResize\fP) will cause the outline to begin to
|
|
rubber band until the invoking button is released. To abort a resize,
|
|
press another button before releasing the first button.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.restart\fP" 8
|
|
This function kills and restarts \fItwm\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.startwm\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function kills \fItwm\fP and starts another window manager, as
|
|
specified by \fIstring\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.righticonmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function is similar to \fBf.nexticonmgr\fP except that wrapping does
|
|
not change rows.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.rightzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This variable is similar to the \fBf.bottomzoom\fP function except that
|
|
the selected window is only resized to the right half of the display.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.saveyourself\fP" 8
|
|
This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected window if it
|
|
has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS window property. Clients that
|
|
accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the
|
|
window and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM. If
|
|
the selected window has not selected for this message, the keyboard bell
|
|
will be rung.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.showiconmgr\fP" 8
|
|
This function maps the current icon manager.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.sorticonmgr\fP" 8
|
|
This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager alphabetically.
|
|
See the variable \fBSortIconManager\fP.
|
|
.\".IP "\fBf.source\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
.\"This function assumes \fIstring\fP is a file name. The file is read
|
|
.\"and parsed as a \fItwm\fP startup file.
|
|
.\"This
|
|
.\"function is intended to be used only to re-build pull-down menus. None
|
|
.\"of the \fItwm\fP variables are changed.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.title\fP" 8
|
|
This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu definition. It
|
|
should not be used in any other context.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.topzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This variable is similar to the \fBf.bottomzoom\fP function except that
|
|
the selected window is only resized to the top half of the display.
|
|
.\".IP "\fBf.twmrc\fP" 8
|
|
.\"This function causes the startup customization file to be re-read. This
|
|
.\"function is exactly like the \fBf.source\fP function without having to
|
|
.\"specify the filename.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.unfocus\fP" 8
|
|
This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This should be used
|
|
when a focused window is no longer desired.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.upiconmgr\fI" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon
|
|
manager, wrapping to the last row in the same column if necessary.
|
|
.\".IP "\fBf.version\fI" 8
|
|
.\"This function causes the \fItwm\fP version window to be displayed. This
|
|
.\"window will be displayed until a pointer button is pressed or the
|
|
.\"pointer is moved from one window to another.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.vlzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is a synonym for \fBf.leftzoom\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.vrzoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is a synonym for \fBf.rightzoom\fP.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.warpring\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as indicated
|
|
by the argument \fIstring\fP, which may be \fB"next"\fP or \fB"prev"\fP)
|
|
specified in the \fBWindowRing\fP variable.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.warpto\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class
|
|
that matches \fIstring\fP. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified
|
|
if the variable \fBWarpUnmapped\fP is set or else ignored.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.warptoiconmgr\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry
|
|
associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager
|
|
specified by the argument \fIstring\fP. If \fIstring\fP is empty (i.e. ""),
|
|
the current icon manager is chosen.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.warptoscreen\fP \fIstring\fP" 8
|
|
This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the
|
|
argument \fIstring\fP. \fIString\fP may be a number (e.g. \fB"0"\fP or
|
|
\fB"1"\fP), the word \fB"next"\fP (indicating the current screen plus 1,
|
|
skipping over any unmanaged screens),
|
|
the word \fB"back"\fP (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over
|
|
any unmanaged screens), or the word
|
|
\fB"prev"\fP (indicating the last screen visited.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.winrefresh\fP" 8
|
|
This function is similar to the \fBf.refresh\fP function except that only the
|
|
selected window is refreshed.
|
|
.IP "\fBf.zoom\fP" 8
|
|
This function is similar to the \fBf.fullzoom\fP function, except that
|
|
the only the height of the selected window is changed.
|
|
.SH MENUS
|
|
.PP
|
|
Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up
|
|
(when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated
|
|
with a titlebutton) menus. Each menu specification contains the name of the
|
|
menu as it will be referred to by \fBf.menu\fP, optional default
|
|
foreground and background colors, the list of item names and the functions
|
|
they should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for
|
|
individual items:
|
|
.EX 0
|
|
\fBMenu\fP "\fImenuname\fP" [ ("\fIdeffore\fP":"\fIdefback\fP") ]
|
|
{
|
|
\fIstring1\fP [ ("\fIfore1\fP":"\fIbackn\fP")] \fIfunction1\fP
|
|
\fIstring2\fP [ ("\fIfore2\fP":"\fIbackn\fP")] \fIfunction2\fP
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
\fIstringN\fP [ ("\fIforeN\fP":"\fIbackN\fP")] \fIfunctionN\fP
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fImenuname\fP is case-sensitive.
|
|
The optional \fIdeffore\fP and \fIdefback\fP arguments specify the foreground
|
|
and background colors used on a color display
|
|
to highlight menu entries.
|
|
The \fIstring\fP portion
|
|
of each menu entry will be the text which will appear in the menu.
|
|
The optional \fIfore\fP and \fIback\fP arguments specify the foreground
|
|
and background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in
|
|
the entry. These colors will only be used on a color display. The
|
|
default is to use the colors specified by the
|
|
\fBMenuForeground\fP and \fBMenuBackground\fP variables.
|
|
The \fIfunction\fP portion of the menu entry is one of the functions,
|
|
including any user-defined functions, or additional menus.
|
|
.PP
|
|
There is a special menu named \fBTwmWindows\fP which contains the names of
|
|
all of the client and \fItwm\fP-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will
|
|
cause the
|
|
\fBWindowFunction\fP to be executed on that window. If \fBWindowFunction\fP
|
|
hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
|
|
.SH ICONS
|
|
\fITwm\fP supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows.
|
|
The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automatically
|
|
arranged as described by the \fBIconRegion\fP variable. In addition, a
|
|
terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient
|
|
use of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among windows from
|
|
the keyboard.
|
|
.PP
|
|
An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all
|
|
windows currently on the display. In addition to the window name,
|
|
a small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the
|
|
left of the name when the window is iconified. By default, clicking on an
|
|
entry in the icon manager performs \fBf.iconify\fP.
|
|
To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the
|
|
the \fBiconmgr\fP context when specifying button and keyboard bindings.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to
|
|
the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic
|
|
events \fBNoTitleFocus\fP is set).
|
|
Using the \fBf.upiconmgr\fP, \fBf.downiconmgr\fP
|
|
\fBf.lefticonmgr\fP, and
|
|
\fBf.righticonmgr\fP functions,
|
|
the input focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard.
|
|
.SH BUGS
|
|
The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window
|
|
lists.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBIconRegion\fP variable should take a list.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will sometimes
|
|
cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If \fBIconifyByUnmapping\fP is on and windows are listed in
|
|
\fBIconManagerDontShow\fP but not in \fBDontIconifyByUnmapping\fP,
|
|
they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to
|
|
\fBf.menu "TwmWindows"\fP or \fBf.warpto\fP are setup.
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.PP
|
|
.nf
|
|
.I $HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
|
|
.I $HOME/.twmrc
|
|
.I __projectroot__/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
|
|
.fi
|
|
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
|
|
.IP "DISPLAY" 8
|
|
This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It is also set
|
|
during \fBf.exec\fP so that programs come up on the proper screen.
|
|
.IP "HOME" 8
|
|
This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a tilde and
|
|
for locating the \fItwm\fP startup file.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.PP
|
|
X(__miscmansuffix__), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)
|
|
.SH AUTHORS
|
|
Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium;
|
|
Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium;
|
|
Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.
|