628 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
628 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.2//EN" 'http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd'>
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<!-- Process this file with docbook-to-man to generate an nroff manual
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page: 'docbook-to-man manpage.sgml > manpage.1'. You may view
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the manual page with: 'docbook-to-man manpage.sgml | nroff -man | less'.
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A typical entry in a Makefile or Makefile.am is:
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manpage.1: manpage.sgml
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docbook-to-man $< > $@
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HTML generation can be done like this:
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% xsltproc ==docbook /usr/share/sgml/docbook/docbook-xsl-stylesheets-1.60.1/html/docbook.xsl Xprint.sgml >Xprint.html
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-->
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<refentry id="Xprint">
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>Xprint</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>__miscmansuffix__</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>Xprint</refname>
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<refpurpose>The "X print service" - a portable, network-transparent printing system based on the X11 protocol</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<para>Xprint is a very flexible, extensible, scaleable, client/server
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print system based on ISO 10175 (and some other specs) and the X11
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rendering protocol.
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Using Xprint an application can search, query and use devices like
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printers, FAX machines or create documents in formats like PDF.
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In particular, an application can seek a printer, query supported
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attributes (like paper size, trays, fonts etc.), configure the printer
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device to match it’s needs and print on it like on any other X device
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reusing parts of the code which is used for the video card Xserver.
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</para>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>OVERVIEW</title>
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<para>
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The "X Print Service" technology allows X rendering to devices such as
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printers and fax. Most of the service is available in the X11
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technology stack as Xp, with the remainder in single toolkit stacks (e.g. DtPrint for CDE).
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Modifications have also been made to the LessTif/Motif/Qt technology
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stacks to support Xprint.
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</para>
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<para>
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The Xp portion consists of:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Xp Extension for the X-Server (included in the X-Server Xprt)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Xp Extension API for the client side (libXp/libXprintUtils)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>PCL ddx driver that converts core X to native PCL</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>PDF ddx driver that converts core X to native PDF</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>PostScript ddx driver that converts core X to native PostScript</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Raster ddx driver that generates xwd rasters which can be converted to PCL, PDF or PostScript rasters</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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From an X clients perspective, it can attach to one of two nearly
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identical X-Servers, a "Video" X-Server, and a "Print" X-Server
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which has the additional Xp capability but otherwise looks and
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behaves the same.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>HOW THE X PRINT SERVICE WORKS</title>
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<para>
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The X Print Service expands on the traditional X-Server and Xlib world
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in four ways.
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Most obvious is the use of "print ddx drivers" instead of
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"video ddx drivers". While a video ddx driver modifies pixels
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in a video frame buffer, a print ddx driver generates "page
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description language (PDL)" output (such as PCL, PDF or PostScript)
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or sends the print rendering instructions to a platform-specific
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print API (like Win32/GDI).
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</para>
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<para>
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Once a print ddx driver generates PDL output, it can be sent to
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a spooler such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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or retrieved by the client (to implement functionality like "print-to-file").
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</para>
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<para>
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Though not currently done, a single X-Server can support both
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print and video ddx drivers.
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<!-- FIXME: IBM/AIX people have integrated Xprt into their main Xserver (currently experimental) ... -->
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Since printers support "paged" output, unlike video, a portion
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of the Xp Extension supports APIs to delineate printed output.
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For example, <function>XpStartPage</function> and <function>XpEndPage</function> tell the X-Server where
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a physical page starts and ends in an otherwise continuous
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stream of X rendering primitives. Likewise, <function>XpStartJob</function> and
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<function>XpEndJob</function> determine when a collection of pages starts and ends.
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<function>XpEndJob</function> typically causes the generated PDL to be submitted to
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a spooler, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Since printers have extensive capabilities, another portion of
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the Xp Extension supports APIs to manipulate "print contexts".
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</para>
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<para>
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Once a printer is selected using the Xp Extension API, a print
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context to represent it can be created. A print context
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embodies the printer selected - it contains the printer's
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default capabilities, selectable range of capabilities,
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printer state, and generated output. Some "attributes" within
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the print context can be modified by the user, and the
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X-Server and print ddx driver will react accordingly. For
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example, the attribute "content-orientation" can be set to
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"landscape" or "portrait" (if the printer supports these
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values - which can be queried using the Xprint API as well).
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Since printers can have "built in" fonts, the Xp Extension in
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the X-Server works with the print ddx drivers to make
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available (for printing only) additional fonts on a per print
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context basis.
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</para>
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<para>
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When a print context is created and set for a given printer,
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the X font calls may be able to access additional printer
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fonts. To do this (typically), the X-Server must have access
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to "printer metric files" (.pmf) that describe at minimum the
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metrics of the built in fonts.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>USAGE</title>
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<para>
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There are three tasks to start the X Print Service:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>configuring the X Print Server,</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>starting the X Print Service</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>configuring the user session so that clients can find the running X Print Service</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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The tasks are described in detail below.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>SERVER CONFIGURATION</title>
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<para>
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The X Print Server (Xprt) can read a number of configuration files which
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control its behavior and support for printers. Each vendor platform has
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a default location for this information. Xprt can also read the
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environment variable <envar>XPCONFIGDIR</envar> to locate alternate configuration
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directories. Common settings include:
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<simplelist type="vert">
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<member>export XPCONFIGDIR=/X11/lib/X11/XpConfig/</member>
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<member>export XPCONFIGDIR=/proj/x11/xc/programs/Xserver/XpConfig/</member>
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</simplelist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Xprt has many built-in defaults, and lacking any configuration files,
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will immediately try to support all printers visible via <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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</para>
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<para>
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In order of importance for configuration by a system administrator, the
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configuration files for a "C" locale are as follows (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>Xprt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more
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details (including support for non-"C" locales)):
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/Xprinters</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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'Xprinters' is the top most configuration file. It tells
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Xprt which specific printer names (e.g. mylaser) should
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be supported, and whether <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or other commands
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should be used to automatically supplement the list of
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printers.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/attributes/printer</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The 'printer' file maps printer names to model
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configurations (see 'model-config' below). For example,
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"mylaser" could be mapped to a "HPDJ1600C", and all other
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arbitrary printers could be mapped to a default, such as
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"HPLJ4SI". When depending on <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the Xprinters
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file, setting up defaults in 'printer' becomes all the
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more important.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/attributes/document</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The 'document' file specifies the initial document values
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for any print jobs. For example, which paper tray to
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use, what default resolution, etc.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/attributes/job</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The 'job' file specifies the initial job values for any
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print jobs. For example, "notification-profile" can be
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set so that when a print job is successfully sent to a
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printer, e-mail is sent to the user.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/models/PSdefault/model-config</filename></term>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/models/PSdefault/fonts/fonts.dir</filename></term>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/models/PSdefault/fonts/9nb00051.pmf</filename></term>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/models/PSdefault/fonts/9nb00093.pmf</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The 'model-config' file has attributes that describe the
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printer model’s capabilities and default settings.
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Printer model fonts may also be present. The model-config
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file also identifies the print ddx driver to be used.
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For each printer model supported, a complete hierarchy of
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files should exist. In most cases, these files do not
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need to be modified.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/ddx-config/raster/pcl</filename></term>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/ddx-config/raster/pdf</filename></term>
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<term><filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/ddx-config/raster/postscript</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The print ddx drivers can have highly specific
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configuration files to control their behavior. In most
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cases, these files do not need to be modified.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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More information in how to configure and customize the X print server can be found in the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>Xprt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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manual page.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>STARTING UP</title>
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<para>
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The summary checklist for starting the X Print Service is as follows:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Choose an execution model for the X Print Service. The X
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Print Service can be run on a per-user session basis, per
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machine basis, or can be run on a few machines globally
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available to a number of users.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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If print jobs are to be submitted to a spooler (almost always
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the case), make sure all needed printers are available to the
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spooler subsystem (most often <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
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on the same machine running the X Print Service.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Configure the X Print Server. See ``X Print Server
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Configuration''.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Depending on #1, start the X Print Server process "Xprt", and
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then the toolkit-specific Print Dialog Manager Daemon process
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(such as CDEnext's "dtpdmd") at the appropriate times.
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Note that libXprintUtils-based applications/toolkits do not need
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a Print Dialog Manager Daemon process to use Xprint.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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The details are described below.
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</para>
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<para>
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Because the X Print Service is based on X, it can be easily distributed.
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The most significant factors in which execution model to choose will be
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driven by:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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how many printers will be accessable through the printer
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subsystem on any given machine. A system administrator may
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choose to cluster printers on a few given machines, or
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scatter them across an organization and possibly make
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extensive use of remote spoolers to make them globally
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available.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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how many machines will need a copy of the X Print Server
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configuration files. The files have been architected so
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that one super-set version of them can be maintained and
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distributed (e.g. via NFS), and a per-machine or per-user
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version of the `Xprinters' is all that is needed to have the
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appropriate information in them utilized or ignored.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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how many users can demand services from a given X Print
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Service.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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With the above in mind, some obvious execution models include:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Global - in this model, the system administrator is choosing
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to run the X Print Service on a *few* select machines with
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appropriate printers configured, and allow clients access to
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the global resource. This can centralize the administration
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of printers and configuration files, but may have to be
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monitored for performance loading.
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</para>
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<para>
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Startup would likely be done by boot-up scripts (such as <filename>/etc/init.d/xprint</filename>).
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Per-machine - every machine with potential X Print Service
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users would run the service. Printer and configuration file
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administration is decentralized, and usage would be limited
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to the users on the machine.
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</para>
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<para>
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Startup would likely be done by boot-up scripts (such as <filename>/etc/init.d/xprint</filename>).
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Per-user session - every user would run an entire X Print
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Service for themselves. In the future, the Video X Server
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normally started may contain Print X Server capability, so
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this model becomes very natural.
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</para>
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<para>
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Startup would likely be done at session login or by
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launching actions or processes manually once the user
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logs in. Note: Deamons like "dtpdmd" must be started after Xprt.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Starting of the processes is straight forward. In strict order (example is for manually starting the X print server for CDEnext usage):
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<programlisting>[machineA] % Xprt [-XpFile <Xprinters file>] [:dispNum] &</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that Xprt will look for configuration files in either
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a default location or where <envar>XPCONFIGDIR</envar> points.
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</para>
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<para>
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<option>-XpFile</option> specifies an alternate `Xprinters' file, rather
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than the default one or `<filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/Xprinters</filename>'.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<programlisting>[machineA] % dtpdmd -d machineA[:dispNum] [-l /tmp/dtpdmd.log] &</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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The dtpdmd will maintain an X-Selection on the X-Server,
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and will start dtpdm's as required to service requests.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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In all but the per-user session model, the machine running the dtpdmd
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(thus dtpdm's) will need display authorization to the users video
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display.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>CLIENT CONFIGURATION</title>
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<para>
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Once a X Print Server and dtpdmd have been started -- many of them
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in some cases -- clients will need to find and use them. There are
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two mechanisms that allow clients to discover X Print Servers and
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printers.
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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"X Print Specifier" - assuming usage of the DtPrint/XprintUtils-based print
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applications, the following notation is understood:
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</para>
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<para>
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<programlisting>printer_name@machine[:dispNum]</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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For example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<programlisting>colorlj7@printhub:2</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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In the above example, the X Print Server running at `printhub:2'
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is assumed to support the printer named `colorlj7'.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar> - assuming usage of the DtPrint print dialogs,
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the environment variable <envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar> can contain a list
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of X Print Servers. For example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<programlisting>XPSERVERLIST="printhub:2 printhub:3 otherdept:0"</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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Then in the dialogs, only a printer name needs to be entered.
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The dialog will then search the X Print Servers in <envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar>
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for a server than supports the printer, and then establish
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contact.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>END-USER SEQUENCE</title>
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<para>
|
|
From most CDEnext applications, printing is accomplished by bringing
|
|
down the <File> menu and selecting <Print...>. This will result in
|
|
the DtPrintSetupBox dialog, which will request the name of a printer,
|
|
and offer limited capability to configure print options (e.g. number
|
|
of copies). If the user wishes, they can select <Setup...>, which
|
|
will start a dtpdm capable of modifying additional print options.
|
|
Finally, the user should select <Print>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>${XPCONFIGDIR}</envar></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para> This environment variable points to the root
|
|
of the Xprint server configuration directory hierarchy.
|
|
If the variable is not defined, the default
|
|
path is be assumed. The default path may be
|
|
<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xserver/</filename>,
|
|
<filename>/usr/lib/X11/xserver/</filename>,
|
|
<filename>/usr/share/Xprint/xserver/</filename> or
|
|
<filename>/usr/openwin/server/etc/XpConfig</filename>, depending on the
|
|
system, and may be configured in <filename>/etc/init.d/xprint</filename>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>${LANG}</envar></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This environment variable selects the locale settings used by the Xprint server.
|
|
Xprt allows language-specific settings (stored in <filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/${LANG}/print/</filename>)
|
|
which will override the default settings (stored in <filename>${XPCONFIGDIR}/C/print/</filename>).
|
|
If <envar>${LANG}</envar> is not set "C" is assumed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The environment variable <envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar> contains a list
|
|
of display identifiers (separated by whitespace) which tell an
|
|
application where it can find the Xprint servers. Usually
|
|
<envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar> is set by the profile startup scripts (e.g.
|
|
<filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>/etc/profile.d/xprint.sh</filename>) using the output of
|
|
<userinput>/etc/init.d/xprint get_xpserverlist</userinput>.</para>
|
|
<para>Example:
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
export XPSERVERLIST="`/etc/init.d/xprint get_xpserverlist`"</programlisting>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>Alternatively <envar>${XPSERVERLIST}</envar> can be set
|
|
manually. Example:</para>
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
export XPSERVERLIST="littlecat:80 bitdog:72"</programlisting>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
<para>
|
|
instructs an application to find an Xprint server at display
|
|
80 on the machine "littlecat" and at display 72 on the
|
|
machine bigdog.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>${XPRINTER}</envar>
|
|
</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The environment variable <envar>${XPRINTER}</envar>
|
|
defines the default printer used by print
|
|
applications. The syntax is either
|
|
<replaceable>printername</replaceable> or
|
|
<replaceable>printername</replaceable>@<replaceable>display</replaceable>.</para>
|
|
<para>Examples:
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><userinput>XPRINTER=ps003</userinput></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
tells an application to look for the
|
|
first printer named "ps003" on all Xprint
|
|
servers.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<!-- brain dead <term> does not permit quote marks
|
|
(in XPRINTER="hplaser19@littlecat:80"), so omit them -->
|
|
<term><userinput>XPRINTER=hplaser19@littlecat:80</userinput></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
tells an application to use the printer "hplaser19"
|
|
on the Xprint server at display
|
|
"littlecat:80".</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>If <envar>${XPRINTER}</envar> is not set the applications
|
|
will examine the values of the <envar>${PDPRINTER}</envar>,
|
|
<envar>${LPDEST}</envar>, and
|
|
<envar>${PRINTER}</envar> environment variables (in that order).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<simplelist type="inline">
|
|
<!-- specific references -->
|
|
<!-- none -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Xprint general references -->
|
|
<!--
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>Xprint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__miscmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
-->
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>X11</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__miscmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xplsprinters</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xprehashprinterlist</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xphelloworld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xpxmhelloworld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xpawhelloworld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xpxthelloworld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>xpsimplehelloworld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>Xserver</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>Xprt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__appmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<!-- ToDO: Add manual pages for the single Xprint DDX implementations (PostScript/PDF/PCL/PCL-MONO/Raster/etc.) -->
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>libXp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__libmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>libXprintUtils</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__libmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>libXprintAppUtils</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__libmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>XmPrintShell</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__libmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>XawPrintShell</refentrytitle><manvolnum>__libmansuffix__</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
<member>Xprint FAQ (<ulink url="http://xprint.mozdev.org/docs/Xprint_FAQ.html">http://xprint.mozdev.org/docs/Xprint_FAQ.html</ulink>)</member>
|
|
<member>Xprint main site (<ulink url="http://xprint.mozdev.org/">http://xprint.mozdev.org/</ulink>)</member>
|
|
</simplelist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>AUTHORS</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This manual page was written by
|
|
Roland Mainz <email>roland.mainz@nrubsig.org</email> based on the original X11R6.6
|
|
<filename>xc/programs/Xserver/XpConfig/README</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
</refentry>
|
|
|