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On modern 64bit CPUs a SHR, SHL or AND instruction take 1 cycle to execute.
A pair of shifts that operate on the same register will take 2 cycles
and needs to wait for the input register value to be available.
Large constants used to mask the high bits of a register with an AND
instruction can not be encoded as an immediate in the AND instruction
on amd64 and therefore need to be loaded into a register with a MOV
instruction.
However that MOV instruction is not dependent on the output register and
on many CPUs does not compete with the AND or shift instructions for
execution ports.
Using a pair of shifts to mask high bits instead of an AND to mask high
bits of a register has a shorter encoding and uses one less general
purpose register but is slower due to taking one clock cycle longer
if there is no register pressure that would make the AND variant need to
generate a spill.
For example the instructions emitted for (x & 1 << 63) before this CL are:
48c1ea3f SHRQ $0x3f, DX
48c1e23f SHLQ $0x3f, DX
after this CL the instructions are the same as GCC and LLVM use:
48b80000000000000080 MOVQ $0x8000000000000000, AX
4821d0 ANDQ DX, AX
Some platforms such as arm64 already have SSA optimization rules to fuse
two shift instructions back into an AND.
Removing the general rule to rewrite AND to SHR+SHL speeds up this benchmark:
var GlobalU uint
func BenchmarkAndHighBits(b *testing.B) {
x := uint(0)
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
x &= 1 << 63
}
GlobalU = x
}
amd64/darwin on Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3520M CPU @ 2.90GHz:
name old time/op new time/op delta
AndHighBits-4 0.61ns ± 6% 0.42ns ± 6% -31.42% (p=0.000 n=25+25):
'go run run.go -all_codegen -v codegen' passes with following adjustments:
ARM64: The BFXIL pattern ((x << lc) >> rc | y & ac) needed adjustment
since ORshiftRL generation fusing '>> rc' and '|' interferes
with matching ((x << lc) >> rc) to generate UBFX. Previously
ORshiftLL was created first using the shifts generated for (y & ac).
S390X: Add rules for abs and copysign to match use of AND instead of SHIFTs.
Updates #33826
Updates #32781
Change-Id: I5a59f6239660d53c029cd22dfb44ddf39f93a56c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/196810
Run-TryBot: Martin Möhrmann <moehrmann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
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| alias3.dir | ||
| bench | ||
| chan | ||
| closure3.dir | ||
| codegen | ||
| ddd2.dir | ||
| dwarf | ||
| fixedbugs | ||
| import2.dir | ||
| import4.dir | ||
| interface | ||
| intrinsic.dir | ||
| ken | ||
| linkname.dir | ||
| method4.dir | ||
| oldescape_linkname.dir | ||
| retjmp.dir | ||
| runtime | ||
| stress | ||
| syntax | ||
| uintptrescapes.dir | ||
| 64bit.go | ||
| 235.go | ||
| alg.go | ||
| alias1.go | ||
| alias2.go | ||
| alias3.go | ||
| alias.go | ||
| align.go | ||
| append1.go | ||
| append.go | ||
| args.go | ||
| armimm.go | ||
| assign1.go | ||
| assign.go | ||
| atomicload.go | ||
| bigalg.go | ||
| bigmap.go | ||
| blank1.go | ||
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| bom.go | ||
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| bounds.go | ||
| chancap.go | ||
| chanlinear.go | ||
| char_lit1.go | ||
| char_lit.go | ||
| checkbce.go | ||
| clearfat.go | ||
| closedchan.go | ||
| closure1.go | ||
| closure2.go | ||
| closure3.go | ||
| closure4.go | ||
| closure.go | ||
| cmp6.go | ||
| cmp.go | ||
| cmplx.go | ||
| cmplxdivide1.go | ||
| cmplxdivide.c | ||
| cmplxdivide.go | ||
| complit1.go | ||
| complit.go | ||
| compos.go | ||
| const1.go | ||
| const2.go | ||
| const3.go | ||
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| const.go | ||
| convert1.go | ||
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| convert3.go | ||
| convert.go | ||
| convlit1.go | ||
| convlit.go | ||
| convT2X.go | ||
| copy1.go | ||
| copy.go | ||
| crlf.go | ||
| ddd1.go | ||
| ddd2.go | ||
| ddd.go | ||
| decl.go | ||
| declbad.go | ||
| defer.go | ||
| deferfin.go | ||
| deferprint.go | ||
| deferprint.out | ||
| devirt.go | ||
| divide.go | ||
| divmod.go | ||
| empty.go | ||
| env.go | ||
| eof1.go | ||
| eof.go | ||
| escape2.go | ||
| escape2n.go | ||
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| escape5.go | ||
| escape_array.go | ||
| escape_calls.go | ||
| escape_closure.go | ||
| escape_field.go | ||
| escape_goto.go | ||
| escape_iface.go | ||
| escape_indir.go | ||
| escape_level.go | ||
| escape_map.go | ||
| escape_param.go | ||
| escape_runtime_atomic.go | ||
| escape_selfassign.go | ||
| escape_slice.go | ||
| escape_struct_param1.go | ||
| escape_struct_param2.go | ||
| escape_struct_return.go | ||
| escape_sync_atomic.go | ||
| escape_unsafe.go | ||
| escape.go | ||
| fibo.go | ||
| finprofiled.go | ||
| float_lit2.go | ||
| float_lit3.go | ||
| float_lit.go | ||
| floatcmp.go | ||
| for.go | ||
| func1.go | ||
| func2.go | ||
| func3.go | ||
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| func5.go | ||
| func6.go | ||
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| func.go | ||
| funcdup2.go | ||
| funcdup.go | ||
| gc1.go | ||
| gc2.go | ||
| gc.go | ||
| gcgort.go | ||
| gcstring.go | ||
| goprint.go | ||
| goprint.out | ||
| goto.go | ||
| heapsampling.go | ||
| helloworld.go | ||
| helloworld.out | ||
| if.go | ||
| import1.go | ||
| import2.go | ||
| import4.go | ||
| import5.go | ||
| import6.go | ||
| import.go | ||
| index0.go | ||
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| index.go | ||
| indirect1.go | ||
| indirect.go | ||
| init1.go | ||
| init.go | ||
| initcomma.go | ||
| initialize.go | ||
| initializerr.go | ||
| initloop.go | ||
| inline_big.go | ||
| inline_caller.go | ||
| inline_callers.go | ||
| inline_literal.go | ||
| inline_math_bits_rotate.go | ||
| inline_sync.go | ||
| inline_variadic.go | ||
| inline.go | ||
| int_lit.go | ||
| intcvt.go | ||
| intrinsic_atomic.go | ||
| intrinsic.go | ||
| iota.go | ||
| label1.go | ||
| label.go | ||
| linkmain_run.go | ||
| linkmain.go | ||
| linkname.go | ||
| linkobj.go | ||
| linkx_run.go | ||
| linkx.go | ||
| literal2.go | ||
| literal.go | ||
| live1.go | ||
| live2.go | ||
| live_syscall.go | ||
| live.go | ||
| locklinear.go | ||
| loopbce.go | ||
| makechan.go | ||
| makemap.go | ||
| makenew.go | ||
| mallocfin.go | ||
| map1.go | ||
| map.go | ||
| mapclear.go | ||
| maplinear.go | ||
| mergemul.go | ||
| method1.go | ||
| method2.go | ||
| method3.go | ||
| method4.go | ||
| method5.go | ||
| method6.go | ||
| method7.go | ||
| method.go | ||
| named1.go | ||
| named.go | ||
| nil.go | ||
| nilcheck.go | ||
| nilptr2.go | ||
| nilptr3.go | ||
| nilptr4.go | ||
| nilptr5_aix.go | ||
| nilptr5_wasm.go | ||
| nilptr5.go | ||
| nilptr_aix.go | ||
| nilptr.go | ||
| nosplit.go | ||
| notinheap2.go | ||
| notinheap3.go | ||
| notinheap.go | ||
| nowritebarrier.go | ||
| nul1.go | ||
| opt_branchlikely.go | ||
| parentype.go | ||
| peano.go | ||
| phiopt.go | ||
| print.go | ||
| print.out | ||
| printbig.go | ||
| printbig.out | ||
| prove.go | ||
| range.go | ||
| README.md | ||
| recover1.go | ||
| recover2.go | ||
| recover3.go | ||
| recover4.go | ||
| recover5.go | ||
| recover.go | ||
| reflectmethod1.go | ||
| reflectmethod2.go | ||
| reflectmethod3.go | ||
| reflectmethod4.go | ||
| rename1.go | ||
| rename.go | ||
| reorder2.go | ||
| reorder.go | ||
| retjmp.go | ||
| return.go | ||
| rotate0.go | ||
| rotate1.go | ||
| rotate2.go | ||
| rotate3.go | ||
| rotate.go | ||
| run.go | ||
| rune.go | ||
| runtime.go | ||
| shift1.go | ||
| shift2.go | ||
| sieve.go | ||
| sigchld.go | ||
| sigchld.out | ||
| simassign.go | ||
| sinit_run.go | ||
| sinit.go | ||
| sizeof.go | ||
| slice3.go | ||
| slice3err.go | ||
| slicecap.go | ||
| sliceopt.go | ||
| solitaire.go | ||
| stack.go | ||
| stackobj2.go | ||
| stackobj3.go | ||
| stackobj.go | ||
| strcopy.go | ||
| strength.go | ||
| string_lit.go | ||
| stringrange.go | ||
| struct0.go | ||
| switch2.go | ||
| switch3.go | ||
| switch4.go | ||
| switch5.go | ||
| switch6.go | ||
| switch7.go | ||
| switch.go | ||
| tinyfin.go | ||
| torture.go | ||
| turing.go | ||
| typecheck.go | ||
| typecheckloop.go | ||
| typeswitch1.go | ||
| typeswitch2.go | ||
| typeswitch2b.go | ||
| typeswitch3.go | ||
| typeswitch.go | ||
| uintptrescapes2.go | ||
| uintptrescapes.go | ||
| undef.go | ||
| utf.go | ||
| varerr.go | ||
| varinit.go | ||
| writebarrier.go | ||
| zerodivide.go | ||
The test directory contains tests of the Go tool chain and runtime. It includes black box tests, regression tests, and error output tests. They are run as part of all.bash.
To run just these tests, execute:
../bin/go run run.go
Standard library tests should be written as regular Go tests in the appropriate package.
The tool chain and runtime also have regular Go tests in their packages. The main reasons to add a new test to this directory are:
- it is most naturally expressed using the test runner; or
- it is also applicable to
gccgoand other Go tool chains.