go/src/runtime/traceback.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package runtime

import (
	"runtime/internal/atomic"
	"runtime/internal/sys"
	"unsafe"
)

// The code in this file implements stack trace walking for all architectures.
// The most important fact about a given architecture is whether it uses a link register.
// On systems with link registers, the prologue for a non-leaf function stores the
// incoming value of LR at the bottom of the newly allocated stack frame.
// On systems without link registers, the architecture pushes a return PC during
// the call instruction, so the return PC ends up above the stack frame.
// In this file, the return PC is always called LR, no matter how it was found.
//
// To date, the opposite of a link register architecture is an x86 architecture.
// This code may need to change if some other kind of non-link-register
// architecture comes along.
//
// The other important fact is the size of a pointer: on 32-bit systems the LR
// takes up only 4 bytes on the stack, while on 64-bit systems it takes up 8 bytes.
// Typically this is ptrSize.
//
// As an exception, amd64p32 has ptrSize == 4 but the CALL instruction still
// stores an 8-byte return PC onto the stack. To accommodate this, we use regSize
// as the size of the architecture-pushed return PC.
//
// usesLR is defined below in terms of minFrameSize, which is defined in
// arch_$GOARCH.go. ptrSize and regSize are defined in stubs.go.

const usesLR = sys.MinFrameSize > 0

var (
	// initialized in tracebackinit
	goexitPC             uintptr
	jmpdeferPC           uintptr
	mcallPC              uintptr
	morestackPC          uintptr
	mstartPC             uintptr
	rt0_goPC             uintptr
	sigpanicPC           uintptr
	runfinqPC            uintptr
	bgsweepPC            uintptr
	forcegchelperPC      uintptr
	timerprocPC          uintptr
	gcBgMarkWorkerPC     uintptr
	systemstack_switchPC uintptr
	systemstackPC        uintptr
	stackBarrierPC       uintptr
	cgocallback_gofuncPC uintptr

	gogoPC uintptr

	externalthreadhandlerp uintptr // initialized elsewhere
)

func tracebackinit() {
	// Go variable initialization happens late during runtime startup.
	// Instead of initializing the variables above in the declarations,
	// schedinit calls this function so that the variables are
	// initialized and available earlier in the startup sequence.
	goexitPC = funcPC(goexit)
	jmpdeferPC = funcPC(jmpdefer)
	mcallPC = funcPC(mcall)
	morestackPC = funcPC(morestack)
	mstartPC = funcPC(mstart)
	rt0_goPC = funcPC(rt0_go)
	sigpanicPC = funcPC(sigpanic)
	runfinqPC = funcPC(runfinq)
	bgsweepPC = funcPC(bgsweep)
	forcegchelperPC = funcPC(forcegchelper)
	timerprocPC = funcPC(timerproc)
	gcBgMarkWorkerPC = funcPC(gcBgMarkWorker)
	systemstack_switchPC = funcPC(systemstack_switch)
	systemstackPC = funcPC(systemstack)
	stackBarrierPC = funcPC(stackBarrier)
	cgocallback_gofuncPC = funcPC(cgocallback_gofunc)

	// used by sigprof handler
	gogoPC = funcPC(gogo)
}

// Traceback over the deferred function calls.
// Report them like calls that have been invoked but not started executing yet.
func tracebackdefers(gp *g, callback func(*stkframe, unsafe.Pointer) bool, v unsafe.Pointer) {
	var frame stkframe
	for d := gp._defer; d != nil; d = d.link {
		fn := d.fn
		if fn == nil {
			// Defer of nil function. Args don't matter.
			frame.pc = 0
			frame.fn = nil
			frame.argp = 0
			frame.arglen = 0
			frame.argmap = nil
		} else {
			frame.pc = fn.fn
			f := findfunc(frame.pc)
			if f == nil {
				print("runtime: unknown pc in defer ", hex(frame.pc), "\n")
				throw("unknown pc")
			}
			frame.fn = f
			frame.argp = uintptr(deferArgs(d))
			frame.arglen, frame.argmap = getArgInfo(&frame, f, true)
		}
		frame.continpc = frame.pc
		if !callback((*stkframe)(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&frame))), v) {
			return
		}
	}
}

// Generic traceback. Handles runtime stack prints (pcbuf == nil),
// the runtime.Callers function (pcbuf != nil), as well as the garbage
// collector (callback != nil).  A little clunky to merge these, but avoids
// duplicating the code and all its subtlety.
func gentraceback(pc0, sp0, lr0 uintptr, gp *g, skip int, pcbuf *uintptr, max int, callback func(*stkframe, unsafe.Pointer) bool, v unsafe.Pointer, flags uint) int {
	if goexitPC == 0 {
		throw("gentraceback before goexitPC initialization")
	}
	g := getg()
	if g == gp && g == g.m.curg {
		// The starting sp has been passed in as a uintptr, and the caller may
		// have other uintptr-typed stack references as well.
		// If during one of the calls that got us here or during one of the
		// callbacks below the stack must be grown, all these uintptr references
		// to the stack will not be updated, and gentraceback will continue
		// to inspect the old stack memory, which may no longer be valid.
		// Even if all the variables were updated correctly, it is not clear that
		// we want to expose a traceback that begins on one stack and ends
		// on another stack. That could confuse callers quite a bit.
		// Instead, we require that gentraceback and any other function that
		// accepts an sp for the current goroutine (typically obtained by
		// calling getcallersp) must not run on that goroutine's stack but
		// instead on the g0 stack.
		throw("gentraceback cannot trace user goroutine on its own stack")
	}
	level, _, _ := gotraceback()

	// Fix up returns to the stack barrier by fetching the
	// original return PC from gp.stkbar.
	stkbarG := gp
	stkbar := stkbarG.stkbar[stkbarG.stkbarPos:]

	if pc0 == ^uintptr(0) && sp0 == ^uintptr(0) { // Signal to fetch saved values from gp.
		if gp.syscallsp != 0 {
			pc0 = gp.syscallpc
			sp0 = gp.syscallsp
			if usesLR {
				lr0 = 0
			}
		} else {
			pc0 = gp.sched.pc
			sp0 = gp.sched.sp
			if usesLR {
				lr0 = gp.sched.lr
			}
		}
	}

	nprint := 0
	var frame stkframe
	frame.pc = pc0
	frame.sp = sp0
	if usesLR {
		frame.lr = lr0
	}
	waspanic := false
	printing := pcbuf == nil && callback == nil
	_defer := gp._defer

	for _defer != nil && _defer.sp == _NoArgs {
		_defer = _defer.link
	}

	// If the PC is zero, it's likely a nil function call.
	// Start in the caller's frame.
	if frame.pc == 0 {
		if usesLR {
			frame.pc = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
			frame.lr = 0
		} else {
			frame.pc = uintptr(*(*sys.Uintreg)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp)))
			frame.sp += sys.RegSize
		}
	}

	f := findfunc(frame.pc)
	if f != nil && f.entry == stackBarrierPC {
		// We got caught in the middle of a stack barrier
		// (presumably by a signal), so stkbar may be
		// inconsistent with the barriers on the stack.
		// Simulate the completion of the barrier.
		//
		// On x86, SP will be exactly one word above
		// savedLRPtr. On LR machines, SP will be above
		// savedLRPtr by some frame size.
		var stkbarPos uintptr
		if len(stkbar) > 0 && stkbar[0].savedLRPtr < sp0 {
			// stackBarrier has not incremented stkbarPos.
			stkbarPos = gp.stkbarPos
		} else if gp.stkbarPos > 0 && gp.stkbar[gp.stkbarPos-1].savedLRPtr < sp0 {
			// stackBarrier has incremented stkbarPos.
			stkbarPos = gp.stkbarPos - 1
		} else {
			printlock()
			print("runtime: failed to unwind through stackBarrier at SP ", hex(sp0), "; ")
			gcPrintStkbars(gp, int(gp.stkbarPos))
			print("\n")
			throw("inconsistent state in stackBarrier")
		}

		frame.pc = gp.stkbar[stkbarPos].savedLRVal
		stkbar = gp.stkbar[stkbarPos+1:]
		f = findfunc(frame.pc)
	}
	if f == nil {
		if callback != nil {
			print("runtime: unknown pc ", hex(frame.pc), "\n")
			throw("unknown pc")
		}
		return 0
	}
	frame.fn = f

	var cache pcvalueCache

	n := 0
	for n < max {
		// Typically:
		//	pc is the PC of the running function.
		//	sp is the stack pointer at that program counter.
		//	fp is the frame pointer (caller's stack pointer) at that program counter, or nil if unknown.
		//	stk is the stack containing sp.
		//	The caller's program counter is lr, unless lr is zero, in which case it is *(uintptr*)sp.
		f = frame.fn

		// Found an actual function.
		// Derive frame pointer and link register.
		if frame.fp == 0 {
			// We want to jump over the systemstack switch. If we're running on the
			// g0, this systemstack is at the top of the stack.
			// if we're not on g0 or there's a no curg, then this is a regular call.
			sp := frame.sp
			if flags&_TraceJumpStack != 0 && f.entry == systemstackPC && gp == g.m.g0 && gp.m.curg != nil {
				sp = gp.m.curg.sched.sp
				stkbarG = gp.m.curg
				stkbar = stkbarG.stkbar[stkbarG.stkbarPos:]
			}
			frame.fp = sp + uintptr(funcspdelta(f, frame.pc, &cache))
			if !usesLR {
				// On x86, call instruction pushes return PC before entering new function.
				frame.fp += sys.RegSize
			}
		}
		var flr *_func
		if topofstack(f) {
			frame.lr = 0
			flr = nil
		} else if usesLR && f.entry == jmpdeferPC {
			// jmpdefer modifies SP/LR/PC non-atomically.
			// If a profiling interrupt arrives during jmpdefer,
			// the stack unwind may see a mismatched register set
			// and get confused. Stop if we see PC within jmpdefer
			// to avoid that confusion.
			// See golang.org/issue/8153.
			if callback != nil {
				throw("traceback_arm: found jmpdefer when tracing with callback")
			}
			frame.lr = 0
		} else {
			var lrPtr uintptr
			if usesLR {
				if n == 0 && frame.sp < frame.fp || frame.lr == 0 {
					lrPtr = frame.sp
					frame.lr = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(lrPtr))
				}
			} else {
				if frame.lr == 0 {
					lrPtr = frame.fp - sys.RegSize
					frame.lr = uintptr(*(*sys.Uintreg)(unsafe.Pointer(lrPtr)))
				}
			}
			if frame.lr == stackBarrierPC {
				// Recover original PC.
				if len(stkbar) == 0 || stkbar[0].savedLRPtr != lrPtr {
					print("found next stack barrier at ", hex(lrPtr), "; expected ")
					gcPrintStkbars(stkbarG, len(stkbarG.stkbar)-len(stkbar))
					print("\n")
					throw("missed stack barrier")
				}
				frame.lr = stkbar[0].savedLRVal
				stkbar = stkbar[1:]
			}
			flr = findfunc(frame.lr)
			if flr == nil {
				// This happens if you get a profiling interrupt at just the wrong time.
				// In that context it is okay to stop early.
				// But if callback is set, we're doing a garbage collection and must
				// get everything, so crash loudly.
				if callback != nil {
					print("runtime: unexpected return pc for ", funcname(f), " called from ", hex(frame.lr), "\n")
					throw("unknown caller pc")
				}
			}
		}

		frame.varp = frame.fp
		if !usesLR {
			// On x86, call instruction pushes return PC before entering new function.
			frame.varp -= sys.RegSize
		}

		// If framepointer_enabled and there's a frame, then
		// there's a saved bp here.
		if framepointer_enabled && GOARCH == "amd64" && frame.varp > frame.sp {
			frame.varp -= sys.RegSize
		}

		// Derive size of arguments.
		// Most functions have a fixed-size argument block,
		// so we can use metadata about the function f.
		// Not all, though: there are some variadic functions
		// in package runtime and reflect, and for those we use call-specific
		// metadata recorded by f's caller.
		if callback != nil || printing {
			frame.argp = frame.fp + sys.MinFrameSize
			frame.arglen, frame.argmap = getArgInfo(&frame, f, callback != nil)
		}

		// Determine frame's 'continuation PC', where it can continue.
		// Normally this is the return address on the stack, but if sigpanic
		// is immediately below this function on the stack, then the frame
		// stopped executing due to a trap, and frame.pc is probably not
		// a safe point for looking up liveness information. In this panicking case,
		// the function either doesn't return at all (if it has no defers or if the
		// defers do not recover) or it returns from one of the calls to
		// deferproc a second time (if the corresponding deferred func recovers).
		// It suffices to assume that the most recent deferproc is the one that
		// returns; everything live at earlier deferprocs is still live at that one.
		frame.continpc = frame.pc
		if waspanic {
			if _defer != nil && _defer.sp == frame.sp {
				frame.continpc = _defer.pc
			} else {
				frame.continpc = 0
			}
		}

		// Unwind our local defer stack past this frame.
		for _defer != nil && (_defer.sp == frame.sp || _defer.sp == _NoArgs) {
			_defer = _defer.link
		}

		if skip > 0 {
			skip--
			goto skipped
		}

		if pcbuf != nil {
			(*[1 << 20]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(pcbuf))[n] = frame.pc
		}
		if callback != nil {
			if !callback((*stkframe)(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&frame))), v) {
				return n
			}
		}
		if printing {
			if (flags&_TraceRuntimeFrames) != 0 || showframe(f, gp) {
				// Print during crash.
				//	main(0x1, 0x2, 0x3)
				//		/home/rsc/go/src/runtime/x.go:23 +0xf
				//
				tracepc := frame.pc // back up to CALL instruction for funcline.
				if (n > 0 || flags&_TraceTrap == 0) && frame.pc > f.entry && !waspanic {
					tracepc--
				}
				name := funcname(f)
				if name == "runtime.gopanic" {
					name = "panic"
				}
				print(name, "(")
				argp := (*[100]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.argp))
				for i := uintptr(0); i < frame.arglen/sys.PtrSize; i++ {
					if i >= 10 {
						print(", ...")
						break
					}
					if i != 0 {
						print(", ")
					}
					print(hex(argp[i]))
				}
				print(")\n")
				file, line := funcline(f, tracepc)
				print("\t", file, ":", line)
				if frame.pc > f.entry {
					print(" +", hex(frame.pc-f.entry))
				}
				if g.m.throwing > 0 && gp == g.m.curg || level >= 2 {
					print(" fp=", hex(frame.fp), " sp=", hex(frame.sp))
				}
				print("\n")
				nprint++
			}
		}
		n++

	skipped:
		waspanic = f.entry == sigpanicPC

		// Do not unwind past the bottom of the stack.
		if flr == nil {
			break
		}

		// Unwind to next frame.
		frame.fn = flr
		frame.pc = frame.lr
		frame.lr = 0
		frame.sp = frame.fp
		frame.fp = 0
		frame.argmap = nil

		// On link register architectures, sighandler saves the LR on stack
		// before faking a call to sigpanic.
		if usesLR && waspanic {
			x := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
			frame.sp += sys.MinFrameSize
			if GOARCH == "arm64" {
				// arm64 needs 16-byte aligned SP, always
				frame.sp += sys.PtrSize
			}
			f = findfunc(frame.pc)
			frame.fn = f
			if f == nil {
				frame.pc = x
			} else if funcspdelta(f, frame.pc, &cache) == 0 {
				frame.lr = x
			}
		}
	}

	if printing {
		n = nprint
	}

	// If callback != nil, we're being called to gather stack information during
	// garbage collection or stack growth. In that context, require that we used
	// up the entire defer stack. If not, then there is a bug somewhere and the
	// garbage collection or stack growth may not have seen the correct picture
	// of the stack. Crash now instead of silently executing the garbage collection
	// or stack copy incorrectly and setting up for a mysterious crash later.
	//
	// Note that panic != nil is okay here: there can be leftover panics,
	// because the defers on the panic stack do not nest in frame order as
	// they do on the defer stack. If you have:
	//
	//	frame 1 defers d1
	//	frame 2 defers d2
	//	frame 3 defers d3
	//	frame 4 panics
	//	frame 4's panic starts running defers
	//	frame 5, running d3, defers d4
	//	frame 5 panics
	//	frame 5's panic starts running defers
	//	frame 6, running d4, garbage collects
	//	frame 6, running d2, garbage collects
	//
	// During the execution of d4, the panic stack is d4 -> d3, which
	// is nested properly, and we'll treat frame 3 as resumable, because we
	// can find d3. (And in fact frame 3 is resumable. If d4 recovers
	// and frame 5 continues running, d3, d3 can recover and we'll
	// resume execution in (returning from) frame 3.)
	//
	// During the execution of d2, however, the panic stack is d2 -> d3,
	// which is inverted. The scan will match d2 to frame 2 but having
	// d2 on the stack until then means it will not match d3 to frame 3.
	// This is okay: if we're running d2, then all the defers after d2 have
	// completed and their corresponding frames are dead. Not finding d3
	// for frame 3 means we'll set frame 3's continpc == 0, which is correct
	// (frame 3 is dead). At the end of the walk the panic stack can thus
	// contain defers (d3 in this case) for dead frames. The inversion here
	// always indicates a dead frame, and the effect of the inversion on the
	// scan is to hide those dead frames, so the scan is still okay:
	// what's left on the panic stack are exactly (and only) the dead frames.
	//
	// We require callback != nil here because only when callback != nil
	// do we know that gentraceback is being called in a "must be correct"
	// context as opposed to a "best effort" context. The tracebacks with
	// callbacks only happen when everything is stopped nicely.
	// At other times, such as when gathering a stack for a profiling signal
	// or when printing a traceback during a crash, everything may not be
	// stopped nicely, and the stack walk may not be able to complete.
	// It's okay in those situations not to use up the entire defer stack:
	// incomplete information then is still better than nothing.
	if callback != nil && n < max && _defer != nil {
		if _defer != nil {
			print("runtime: g", gp.goid, ": leftover defer sp=", hex(_defer.sp), " pc=", hex(_defer.pc), "\n")
		}
		for _defer = gp._defer; _defer != nil; _defer = _defer.link {
			print("\tdefer ", _defer, " sp=", hex(_defer.sp), " pc=", hex(_defer.pc), "\n")
		}
		throw("traceback has leftover defers")
	}

	if callback != nil && n < max && len(stkbar) > 0 {
		print("runtime: g", gp.goid, ": leftover stack barriers ")
		gcPrintStkbars(stkbarG, len(stkbarG.stkbar)-len(stkbar))
		print("\n")
		throw("traceback has leftover stack barriers")
	}

	if callback != nil && n < max && frame.sp != gp.stktopsp {
		print("runtime: g", gp.goid, ": frame.sp=", hex(frame.sp), " top=", hex(gp.stktopsp), "\n")
		print("\tstack=[", hex(gp.stack.lo), "-", hex(gp.stack.hi), "] n=", n, " max=", max, "\n")
		throw("traceback did not unwind completely")
	}

	return n
}

func getArgInfo(frame *stkframe, f *_func, needArgMap bool) (arglen uintptr, argmap *bitvector) {
	arglen = uintptr(f.args)
	if needArgMap && f.args == _ArgsSizeUnknown {
		// Extract argument bitmaps for reflect stubs from the calls they made to reflect.
		switch funcname(f) {
		case "reflect.makeFuncStub", "reflect.methodValueCall":
			arg0 := frame.sp + sys.MinFrameSize
			fn := *(**[2]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(arg0))
			if fn[0] != f.entry {
				print("runtime: confused by ", funcname(f), "\n")
				throw("reflect mismatch")
			}
			bv := (*bitvector)(unsafe.Pointer(fn[1]))
			arglen = uintptr(bv.n * sys.PtrSize)
			argmap = bv
		}
	}
	return
}

func printcreatedby(gp *g) {
	// Show what created goroutine, except main goroutine (goid 1).
	pc := gp.gopc
	f := findfunc(pc)
	if f != nil && showframe(f, gp) && gp.goid != 1 {
		print("created by ", funcname(f), "\n")
		tracepc := pc // back up to CALL instruction for funcline.
		if pc > f.entry {
			tracepc -= sys.PCQuantum
		}
		file, line := funcline(f, tracepc)
		print("\t", file, ":", line)
		if pc > f.entry {
			print(" +", hex(pc-f.entry))
		}
		print("\n")
	}
}

func traceback(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g) {
	traceback1(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0)
}

// tracebacktrap is like traceback but expects that the PC and SP were obtained
// from a trap, not from gp->sched or gp->syscallpc/gp->syscallsp or getcallerpc/getcallersp.
// Because they are from a trap instead of from a saved pair,
// the initial PC must not be rewound to the previous instruction.
// (All the saved pairs record a PC that is a return address, so we
// rewind it into the CALL instruction.)
func tracebacktrap(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g) {
	traceback1(pc, sp, lr, gp, _TraceTrap)
}

func traceback1(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g, flags uint) {
	// If the goroutine is in cgo, and we have a cgo traceback, print that.
	if iscgo && gp.m != nil && gp.m.ncgo > 0 && gp.syscallsp != 0 && gp.m.cgoCallers != nil && gp.m.cgoCallers[0] != 0 {
		// Lock cgoCallers so that a signal handler won't
		// change it, copy the array, reset it, unlock it.
		// We are locked to the thread and are not running
		// concurrently with a signal handler.
		// We just have to stop a signal handler from interrupting
		// in the middle of our copy.
		atomic.Store(&gp.m.cgoCallersUse, 1)
		cgoCallers := *gp.m.cgoCallers
		gp.m.cgoCallers[0] = 0
		atomic.Store(&gp.m.cgoCallersUse, 0)

		printCgoTraceback(&cgoCallers)
	}

	var n int
	if readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Gsyscall {
		// Override registers if blocked in system call.
		pc = gp.syscallpc
		sp = gp.syscallsp
		flags &^= _TraceTrap
	}
	// Print traceback. By default, omits runtime frames.
	// If that means we print nothing at all, repeat forcing all frames printed.
	n = gentraceback(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0, nil, _TracebackMaxFrames, nil, nil, flags)
	if n == 0 && (flags&_TraceRuntimeFrames) == 0 {
		n = gentraceback(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0, nil, _TracebackMaxFrames, nil, nil, flags|_TraceRuntimeFrames)
	}
	if n == _TracebackMaxFrames {
		print("...additional frames elided...\n")
	}
	printcreatedby(gp)
}

func callers(skip int, pcbuf []uintptr) int {
	sp := getcallersp(unsafe.Pointer(&skip))
	pc := getcallerpc(unsafe.Pointer(&skip))
	gp := getg()
	var n int
	systemstack(func() {
		n = gentraceback(pc, sp, 0, gp, skip, &pcbuf[0], len(pcbuf), nil, nil, 0)
	})
	return n
}

func gcallers(gp *g, skip int, pcbuf []uintptr) int {
	return gentraceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp, skip, &pcbuf[0], len(pcbuf), nil, nil, 0)
}

func showframe(f *_func, gp *g) bool {
	g := getg()
	if g.m.throwing > 0 && gp != nil && (gp == g.m.curg || gp == g.m.caughtsig.ptr()) {
		return true
	}
	level, _, _ := gotraceback()
	name := funcname(f)

	// Special case: always show runtime.gopanic frame, so that we can
	// see where a panic started in the middle of a stack trace.
	// See golang.org/issue/5832.
	if name == "runtime.gopanic" {
		return true
	}

	return level > 1 || f != nil && contains(name, ".") && (!hasprefix(name, "runtime.") || isExportedRuntime(name))
}

// isExportedRuntime reports whether name is an exported runtime function.
// It is only for runtime functions, so ASCII A-Z is fine.
func isExportedRuntime(name string) bool {
	const n = len("runtime.")
	return len(name) > n && name[:n] == "runtime." && 'A' <= name[n] && name[n] <= 'Z'
}

var gStatusStrings = [...]string{
	_Gidle:      "idle",
	_Grunnable:  "runnable",
	_Grunning:   "running",
	_Gsyscall:   "syscall",
	_Gwaiting:   "waiting",
	_Gdead:      "dead",
	_Gcopystack: "copystack",
}

func goroutineheader(gp *g) {
	gpstatus := readgstatus(gp)

	isScan := gpstatus&_Gscan != 0
	gpstatus &^= _Gscan // drop the scan bit

	// Basic string status
	var status string
	if 0 <= gpstatus && gpstatus < uint32(len(gStatusStrings)) {
		status = gStatusStrings[gpstatus]
	} else {
		status = "???"
	}

	// Override.
	if gpstatus == _Gwaiting && gp.waitreason != "" {
		status = gp.waitreason
	}

	// approx time the G is blocked, in minutes
	var waitfor int64
	if (gpstatus == _Gwaiting || gpstatus == _Gsyscall) && gp.waitsince != 0 {
		waitfor = (nanotime() - gp.waitsince) / 60e9
	}
	print("goroutine ", gp.goid, " [", status)
	if isScan {
		print(" (scan)")
	}
	if waitfor >= 1 {
		print(", ", waitfor, " minutes")
	}
	if gp.lockedm != nil {
		print(", locked to thread")
	}
	print("]:\n")
}

func tracebackothers(me *g) {
	level, _, _ := gotraceback()

	// Show the current goroutine first, if we haven't already.
	g := getg()
	gp := g.m.curg
	if gp != nil && gp != me {
		print("\n")
		goroutineheader(gp)
		traceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp)
	}

	lock(&allglock)
	for _, gp := range allgs {
		if gp == me || gp == g.m.curg || readgstatus(gp) == _Gdead || isSystemGoroutine(gp) && level < 2 {
			continue
		}
		print("\n")
		goroutineheader(gp)
		// Note: gp.m == g.m occurs when tracebackothers is
		// called from a signal handler initiated during a
		// systemstack call. The original G is still in the
		// running state, and we want to print its stack.
		if gp.m != g.m && readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Grunning {
			print("\tgoroutine running on other thread; stack unavailable\n")
			printcreatedby(gp)
		} else {
			traceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp)
		}
	}
	unlock(&allglock)
}

// Does f mark the top of a goroutine stack?
func topofstack(f *_func) bool {
	pc := f.entry
	return pc == goexitPC ||
		pc == mstartPC ||
		pc == mcallPC ||
		pc == morestackPC ||
		pc == rt0_goPC ||
		externalthreadhandlerp != 0 && pc == externalthreadhandlerp
}

// isSystemGoroutine reports whether the goroutine g must be omitted in
// stack dumps and deadlock detector.
func isSystemGoroutine(gp *g) bool {
	pc := gp.startpc
	return pc == runfinqPC && !fingRunning ||
		pc == bgsweepPC ||
		pc == forcegchelperPC ||
		pc == timerprocPC ||
		pc == gcBgMarkWorkerPC
}

// SetCgoTraceback records three C functions to use to gather
// traceback information from C code and to convert that traceback
// information into symbolic information. These are used when printing
// stack traces for a program that uses cgo.
//
// The traceback and context functions may be called from a signal
// handler, and must therefore use only async-signal safe functions.
// The symbolizer function may be called while the program is
// crashing, and so must be cautious about using memory.  None of the
// functions may call back into Go.
//
// The context function will be called with a single argument, a
// pointer to a struct:
//
// struct {
//	Context uintptr
// }
//
// In C syntax, this struct will be
//
// struct {
//   uintptr_t Context;
// };
//
// If the Context field is 0, the context function is being called to
// record the current traceback context. It should record whatever
// information is needed about the current point of execution to later
// produce a stack trace, probably the stack pointer and PC. In this
// case the context function will be called from C code.
//
// If the Context field is not 0, then it is a value returned by a
// previous call to the context function. This case is called when the
// context is no longer needed; that is, when the Go code is returning
// to its C code caller. This permits permits the context function to
// release any associated resources.
//
// While it would be correct for the context function to record a
// complete a stack trace whenever it is called, and simply copy that
// out in the traceback function, in a typical program the context
// function will be called many times without ever recording a
// traceback for that context. Recording a complete stack trace in a
// call to the context function is likely to be inefficient.
//
// The traceback function will be called with a single argument, a
// pointer to a struct:
//
// struct {
//	Context uintptr
//	Buf     *uintptr
//	Max     uintptr
// }
//
// In C syntax, this struct will be
//
// struct {
//   uintptr_t  Context;
//   uintptr_t* Buf;
//   uintptr_t  Max;
// };
//
// The Context field will be zero to gather a traceback from the
// current program execution point. In this case, the traceback
// function will be called from C code.
//
// Otherwise Context will be a value previously returned by a call to
// the context function. The traceback function should gather a stack
// trace from that saved point in the program execution. The traceback
// function may be called from an execution thread other than the one
// that recorded the context, but only when the context is known to be
// valid and unchanging. The traceback function may also be called
// deeper in the call stack on the same thread that recorded the
// context. The traceback function may be called multiple times with
// the same Context value; it will usually be appropriate to cache the
// result, if possible, the first time this is called for a specific
// context value.
//
// Buf is where the traceback information should be stored. It should
// be PC values, such that Buf[0] is the PC of the caller, Buf[1] is
// the PC of that function's caller, and so on.  Max is the maximum
// number of entries to store.  The function should store a zero to
// indicate the top of the stack, or that the caller is on a different
// stack, presumably a Go stack.
//
// Unlike runtime.Callers, the PC values returned should, when passed
// to the symbolizer function, return the file/line of the call
// instruction.  No additional subtraction is required or appropriate.
//
// The symbolizer function will be called with a single argument, a
// pointer to a struct:
//
// struct {
//	PC      uintptr // program counter to fetch information for
//	File    *byte   // file name (NUL terminated)
//	Lineno  uintptr // line number
//	Func    *byte   // function name (NUL terminated)
//	Entry   uintptr // function entry point
//	More    uintptr // set non-zero if more info for this PC
//	Data    uintptr // unused by runtime, available for function
// }
//
// In C syntax, this struct will be
//
// struct {
//   uintptr_t PC;
//   char*     File;
//   uintptr_t Lineno;
//   char*     Func;
//   uintptr_t Entry;
//   uintptr_t More;
//   uintptr_t Data;
// };
//
// The PC field will be a value returned by a call to the traceback
// function.
//
// The first time the function is called for a particular traceback,
// all the fields except PC will be 0. The function should fill in the
// other fields if possible, setting them to 0/nil if the information
// is not available. The Data field may be used to store any useful
// information across calls. The More field should be set to non-zero
// if there is more information for this PC, zero otherwise. If More
// is set non-zero, the function will be called again with the same
// PC, and may return different information (this is intended for use
// with inlined functions). If More is zero, the function will be
// called with the next PC value in the traceback. When the traceback
// is complete, the function will be called once more with PC set to
// zero; this may be used to free any information. Each call will
// leave the fields of the struct set to the same values they had upon
// return, except for the PC field when the More field is zero. The
// function must not keep a copy of the struct pointer between calls.
//
// When calling SetCgoTraceback, the version argument is the version
// number of the structs that the functions expect to receive.
// Currently this must be zero.
//
// The symbolizer function may be nil, in which case the results of
// the traceback function will be displayed as numbers. If the
// traceback function is nil, the symbolizer function will never be
// called. The context function may be nil, in which case the
// traceback function will only be called with the context field set
// to zero.  If the context function is nil, then calls from Go to C
// to Go will not show a traceback for the C portion of the call stack.
func SetCgoTraceback(version int, traceback, context, symbolizer unsafe.Pointer) {
	if version != 0 {
		panic("unsupported version")
	}
	if context != nil {
		panic("SetCgoTraceback: context function not yet implemented")
	}
	cgoTraceback = traceback
	cgoContext = context
	cgoSymbolizer = symbolizer
}

var cgoTraceback unsafe.Pointer
var cgoContext unsafe.Pointer
var cgoSymbolizer unsafe.Pointer

// cgoTracebackArg is the type passed to cgoTraceback.
type cgoTracebackArg struct {
	context uintptr
	buf     *uintptr
	max     uintptr
}

// cgoContextArg is the type passed to cgoContext.
type cgoContextArg struct {
	context uintptr
}

// cgoSymbolizerArg is the type passed to cgoSymbolizer.
type cgoSymbolizerArg struct {
	pc       uintptr
	file     *byte
	lineno   uintptr
	funcName *byte
	entry    uintptr
	more     uintptr
	data     uintptr
}

// cgoTraceback prints a traceback of callers.
func printCgoTraceback(callers *cgoCallers) {
	if cgoSymbolizer == nil {
		for _, c := range callers {
			if c == 0 {
				break
			}
			print("non-Go function at pc=", hex(c), "\n")
		}
		return
	}

	call := cgocall
	if panicking > 0 {
		// We do not want to call into the scheduler when panicking.
		call = asmcgocall
	}

	var arg cgoSymbolizerArg
	for _, c := range callers {
		if c == 0 {
			break
		}
		arg.pc = c
		for {
			call(cgoSymbolizer, noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
			if arg.funcName != nil {
				// Note that we don't print any argument
				// information here, not even parentheses.
				// The symbolizer must add that if
				// appropriate.
				println(gostringnocopy(arg.funcName))
			} else {
				println("non-Go function")
			}
			print("\t")
			if arg.file != nil {
				print(gostringnocopy(arg.file), ":", arg.lineno, " ")
			}
			print("pc=", hex(c), "\n")
			if arg.more == 0 {
				break
			}
		}
	}
	arg.pc = 0
	call(cgoSymbolizer, noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
}