The Go project welcomes all contributors.
This document is a guide to help you through the process of contributing to the Go project, which is a little different from that used by other open source projects. We assume you have a basic understanding of Git and Go.
In addition to the information here, the Go community maintains a CodeReview wiki page. Feel free to contribute to the wiki as you learn the review process.
Note that the gccgo front end lives elsewhere;
see Contributing to gccgo.
The first step is registering as a Go contributor and configuring your environment. Here is a checklist of the required steps to follow:
git
is configured to create commits with that account's e-mail address.
git-codereview by running
go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview
If you prefer, there is an automated tool that walks through these steps. Just run:
$ go get -u golang.org/x/tools/cmd/go-contrib-init $ cd /code/to/edit $ go-contrib-init
The rest of this chapter elaborates on these instructions. If you have completed the steps above (either manually or through the tool), jump to Before contributing code.
A contribution to Go is made through a Google account with a specific e-mail address. Make sure to use the same account throughout the process and for all your subsequent contributions. You may need to decide whether to use a personal address or a corporate address. The choice will depend on who will own the copyright for the code that you will be writing and submitting. You might want to discuss this topic with your employer before deciding which account to use.
Google accounts can either be Gmail e-mail accounts, G Suite organization accounts, or accounts associated with an external e-mail address. For instance, if you need to use an existing corporate e-mail that is not managed through G Suite, you can create an account associated with your existing e-mail address.
You also need to make sure that your Git tool is configured to create commits using your chosen e-mail address. You can either configure Git globally (as a default for all projects), or locally (for a single specific project). You can check the current configuration with this command:
$ git config --global user.email # check current global config $ git config user.email # check current local config
To change the configured address:
$ git config --global user.email name@example.com # change global config $ git config user.email name@example.com # change local config
Before sending your first change to the Go project you must have completed one of the following two CLAs. Which CLA you should sign depends on who owns the copyright to your work.
You can check your currently signed agreements and sign new ones at the Google Developers Contributor License Agreements website. If the copyright holder for your contribution has already completed the agreement in connection with another Google open source project, it does not need to be completed again.
If the copyright holder for the code you are submitting changes—for example,
if you start contributing code on behalf of a new company—please send mail
to the golang-dev
mailing list.
This will let us know the situation so we can make sure an appropriate agreement is
completed and update the AUTHORS file.
The main Go repository is located at
go.googlesource.com,
a Git server hosted by Google.
Authentication on the web server is made through your Google account, but
you also need to configure git on your computer to access it.
Follow these steps:
.gitcookies file.
If you are using a Windows computer and running cmd,
you should instead follow the instructions in the yellow box to run the command;
otherwise run the regular script.
Gerrit is an open-source tool used by Go maintainers to discuss and review code submissions.
To register your account, visit go-review.googlesource.com/login/ and sign in once using the same Google Account you used above.
Changes to Go must be reviewed before they are accepted, no matter who makes the change.
A custom git command called git-codereview
simplifies sending changes to Gerrit.
Install the git-codereview command by running,
$ go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview
Make sure git-codereview is installed in your shell path, so that the
git command can find it.
Check that
$ git codereview help
prints help text, not an error. If it prints an error, make sure that
$GOPATH/bin is in your $PATH.
On Windows, when using git-bash you must make sure that
git-codereview.exe is in your git exec-path.
Run git --exec-path to discover the right location then create a
symbolic link or just copy the executable from $GOPATH/bin to this
directory.
The project welcomes code patches, but to make sure things are well coordinated you should discuss any significant change before starting the work. It's recommended that you signal your intention to contribute in the issue tracker, either by filing a new issue or by claiming an existing one.
The Go project consists of the main go repository, which contains the source code for the Go language, as well as many golang.org/x/... repostories. These contain the various tools and infrastructure that support Go. For example, golang.org/x/pkgsite is for pkg.go.dev, golang.org/x/playground is for the Go playground, and golang.org/x/tools contains a variety of Go tools, including the Go language server, gopls. You can see a list of all the golang.org/x/... repositories on go.googlesource.com.
Whether you already know what contribution to make, or you are searching for an idea, the issue tracker is always the first place to go. Issues are triaged to categorize them and manage the workflow.
The majority of the golang.org/x/... repos also use the main Go issue tracker. However, a few of these repositories manage their issues separately, so please be sure to check the right tracker for the repository to which you would like to contribute.
Most issues will be marked with one of the following workflow labels:
You can use GitHub's search functionality to find issues to help out with. Examples:
is:issue is:open label:NeedsInvestigation
is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix
is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix "golang.org/cl"
is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix NOT "golang.org/cl"
Excluding very trivial changes, all contributions should be connected to an existing issue. Feel free to open one and discuss your plans. This process gives everyone a chance to validate the design, helps prevent duplication of effort, and ensures that the idea fits inside the goals for the language and tools. It also checks that the design is sound before code is written; the code review tool is not the place for high-level discussions.
When planning work, please note that the Go project follows a six-month development cycle
for the main Go repository. The latter half of each cycle is a three-month
feature freeze during which only bug fixes and documentation updates are
accepted. New contributions can be sent during a feature freeze, but they will
not be merged until the freeze is over. The freeze applies to the entire main
repository as well as to the code in golang.org/x/... repositories that is
needed to build the binaries included in the release. See the lists of packages
vendored into
the standard library
and the go command.
Significant changes to the language, libraries, or tools must go through the change proposal process before they can be accepted.
Sensitive security-related issues (only!) should be reported to security@golang.org.
First-time contributors that are already familiar with the GitHub flow are encouraged to use the same process for Go contributions. Even though Go maintainers use Gerrit for code review, a bot called Gopherbot has been created to sync GitHub pull requests to Gerrit.
Open a pull request as you normally would. Gopherbot will create a corresponding Gerrit change and post a link to it on your GitHub pull request; updates to the pull request will also get reflected in the Gerrit change. When somebody comments on the change, their comment will be also posted in your pull request, so you will get a notification.
Some things to keep in mind:
It is not possible to fully sync Gerrit and GitHub, at least at the moment, so we recommend learning Gerrit. It's different but powerful and familiarity with it will help you understand the flow.
This is an overview of the overall process:
go.googlesource.com and
make sure it's stable by compiling and testing it once.
If you're making a change to the main Go repository:
$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go $ cd go/src $ ./all.bash # compile and test
If you're making a change to one of the golang.org/x/... repositories (golang.org/x/tools, in this example):
$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/tools $ cd tools $ go test ./... # compile and test
git codereview change; that
will create or amend a single commit in the branch.
$ git checkout -b mybranch $ [edit files...] $ git add [files...] $ git codereview change # create commit in the branch $ [edit again...] $ git add [files...] $ git codereview change # amend the existing commit with new changes $ [etc.]
all.bash.
In the main Go repository:
$ ./all.bash # recompile and test
In a golang.org/x/... repository:
$ go test ./... # recompile and test
git
codereview mail (which doesn't use e-mail, despite the name).
$ git codereview mail # send changes to Gerrit
$ [edit files...] $ git add [files...] $ git codereview change # update same commit $ git codereview mail # send to Gerrit again
The rest of this section describes these steps in more detail.
In addition to a recent Go installation, you need to have a local copy of the source
checked out from the correct repository.
You can check out the Go source repo onto your local file system anywhere
you want as long as it's outside your GOPATH.
Clone from go.googlesource.com (not GitHub):
Main Go repository:
$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go $ cd go
golang.org/x/... repository
(golang.org/x/tools in this example):$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/tools $ cd tools
Each Go change must be made in a separate branch, created from the master branch.
You can use
the normal git commands to create a branch and add changes to the
staging area:
$ git checkout -b mybranch $ [edit files...] $ git add [files...]
To commit changes, instead of git commit, use git codereview change.
$ git codereview change (open $EDITOR)
You can edit the commit description in your favorite editor as usual.
The git codereview change command
will automatically add a unique Change-Id line near the bottom.
That line is used by Gerrit to match successive uploads of the same change.
Do not edit or delete it.
A Change-Id looks like this:
Change-Id: I2fbdbffb3aab626c4b6f56348861b7909e3e8990
The tool also checks that you've
run go fmt over the source code, and that
the commit message follows the suggested format.
If you need to edit the files again, you can stage the new changes and
re-run git codereview change: each subsequent
run will amend the existing commit while preserving the Change-Id.
Make sure that you always keep a single commit in each branch.
If you add more
commits by mistake, you can use git rebase to
squash them together
into a single one.
You've written and tested your code, but before sending code out for review, run all the tests for the whole tree to make sure the changes don't break other packages or programs.
This can be done by running all.bash:
$ cd go/src $ ./all.bash
(To build under Windows use all.bat)
After running for a while and printing a lot of testing output, the command should finish by printing,
ALL TESTS PASSED
You can use make.bash instead of all.bash
to just build the compiler and the standard library without running the test suite.
Once the go tool is built, it will be installed as bin/go
under the directory in which you cloned the Go repository, and you can
run it directly from there.
See also
the section on how to test your changes quickly.
Run the tests for the entire repository (golang.org/x/tools, in this example):
$ cd tools $ go test ./...
If you're concerned about the build status, you can check the Build Dashboard. Test failures may also be caught by the TryBots in code review.
Some repositories, like golang.org/x/vscode-go will have different testing infrastructures, so always check the documentation for the repository in which you are working. The README file in the root of the repository will usually have this information.
Once the change is ready and tested over the whole tree, send it for review.
This is done with the mail sub-command which, despite its name, doesn't
directly mail anything; it just sends the change to Gerrit:
$ git codereview mail
Gerrit assigns your change a number and URL, which git codereview mail will print, something like:
remote: New Changes: remote: https://go-review.googlesource.com/99999 math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments
If you get an error instead, check the Troubleshooting mail errors section.
If your change relates to an open GitHub issue and you have followed the suggested commit message format, the issue will be updated in a few minutes by a bot, linking your Gerrit change to it in the comments.
Go maintainers will review your code on Gerrit, and you will get notifications via e-mail. You can see the review on Gerrit and comment on them there. You can also reply using e-mail if you prefer.
If you need to revise your change after the review, edit the files in
the same branch you previously created, add them to the Git staging
area, and then amend the commit with
git codereview change:
$ git codereview change # amend current commit (open $EDITOR) $ git codereview mail # send new changes to Gerrit
If you don't need to change the commit description, just save and exit from the editor. Remember not to touch the special Change-Id line.
Again, make sure that you always keep a single commit in each branch.
If you add more
commits by mistake, you can use git rebase to
squash them together
into a single one.
Commit messages in Go follow a specific set of conventions, which we discuss in this section.
Here is an example of a good one:
math: improve Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments The existing implementation has poor numerical properties for large arguments, so use the McGillicutty algorithm to improve accuracy above 1e10. The algorithm is described at https://wikipedia.org/wiki/McGillicutty_Algorithm Fixes #159
The first line of the change description is conventionally a short one-line summary of the change, prefixed by the primary affected package.
A rule of thumb is that it should be written so to complete the sentence "This change modifies Go to _____." That means it does not start with a capital letter, is not a complete sentence, and actually summarizes the result of the change.
Follow the first line by a blank line.
The rest of the description elaborates and should provide context for the change and explain what it does. Write in complete sentences with correct punctuation, just like for your comments in Go. Don't use HTML, Markdown, or any other markup language.
Add any relevant information, such as benchmark data if the change affects performance. The benchstat tool is conventionally used to format benchmark data for change descriptions.
The special notation "Fixes #12345" associates the change with issue 12345 in the Go issue tracker. When this change is eventually applied, the issue tracker will automatically mark the issue as fixed.
If the change is a partial step towards the resolution of the issue, write "Updates #12345" instead. This will leave a comment in the issue linking back to the change in Gerrit, but it will not close the issue when the change is applied.
If you are sending a change against a golang.org/x/... repository, you must use the fully-qualified syntax supported by GitHub to make sure the change is linked to the issue in the main repository, not the x/ repository. Most issues are tracked in the main repository's issue tracker. The correct form is "Fixes golang/go#159".
This section explains the review process in detail and how to approach reviews after a change has been mailed.
When a change is sent to Gerrit, it is usually triaged within a few days. A maintainer will have a look and provide some initial review that for first-time contributors usually focuses on basic cosmetics and common mistakes. These include things like:
R=go1.12,
which means that it will be reviewed later when the tree opens for a new
development window.
You can add R=go1.XX as a comment yourself
if you know that it's not the correct time frame for the change.
After an initial reading of your change, maintainers will trigger trybots, a cluster of servers that will run the full test suite on several different architectures. Most trybots complete in a few minutes, at which point a link will be posted in Gerrit where you can see the results.
If the trybot run fails, follow the link and check the full logs of the platforms on which the tests failed. Try to understand what broke, update your patch to fix it, and upload again. Maintainers will trigger a new trybot run to see if the problem was fixed.
Sometimes, the tree can be broken on some platforms for a few hours; if the failure reported by the trybot doesn't seem related to your patch, go to the Build Dashboard and check if the same failure appears in other recent commits on the same platform. In this case, feel free to write a comment in Gerrit to mention that the failure is unrelated to your change, to help maintainers understand the situation.
The Go community values very thorough reviews. Think of each review comment like a ticket: you are expected to somehow "close" it by acting on it, either by implementing the suggestion or convincing the reviewer otherwise.
After you update the change, go through the review comments and make sure to reply to every one. You can click the "Done" button to reply indicating that you've implemented the reviewer's suggestion; otherwise, click on "Reply" and explain why you have not, or what you have done instead.
It is perfectly normal for changes to go through several round of reviews, with one or more reviewers making new comments every time and then waiting for an updated change before reviewing again. This cycle happens even for experienced contributors, so don't be discouraged by it.
As they near a decision, reviewers will make a "vote" on your change. The Gerrit voting system involves an integer in the range -2 to +2:
At least two maintainers must approve of the change, and at least one of those maintainers must +2 the change. The second maintainer may cast a vote of Trust+1, meaning that the change looks basically OK, but that the maintainer hasn't done the detailed review required for a +2 vote.
After the code has been +2'ed and Trust+1'ed, an approver will apply it to the master branch using the Gerrit user interface. This is called "submitting the change".
The two steps (approving and submitting) are separate because in some cases maintainers may want to approve it but not to submit it right away (for instance, the tree could be temporarily frozen).
Submitting a change checks it into the repository. The change description will include a link to the code review, which will be updated with a link to the change in the repository. Since the method used to integrate the changes is Git's "Cherry Pick", the commit hashes in the repository will be changed by the submit operation.
If your change has been approved for a few days without being submitted, feel free to write a comment in Gerrit requesting submission.
In addition to the information here, the Go community maintains a CodeReview wiki page. Feel free to contribute to this page as you learn more about the review process.
This section collects a number of other comments that are outside the issue/edit/code review/submit process itself.
Files in the Go repository don't list author names, both to avoid clutter
and to avoid having to keep the lists up to date.
Instead, your name will appear in the
change log and in the CONTRIBUTORS file and perhaps the AUTHORS file.
These files are automatically generated from the commit logs periodically.
The AUTHORS file defines who “The Go
Authors”—the copyright holders—are.
New files that you contribute should use the standard copyright header:
// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
(Use the current year if you're reading this in 2022 or beyond.) Files in the repository are copyrighted the year they are added. Do not update the copyright year on files that you change.
The most common way that the git codereview mail
command fails is because the e-mail address in the commit does not match the one
that you used during the registration process.
If you see something like...
remote: Processing changes: refs: 1, done remote: remote: ERROR: In commit ab13517fa29487dcf8b0d48916c51639426c5ee9 remote: ERROR: author email address XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX remote: ERROR: does not match your user account.
you need to configure Git for this repository to use the e-mail address that you registered with. To change the e-mail address to ensure this doesn't happen again, run:
$ git config user.email email@address.com
Then change the commit to use this alternative e-mail address with this command:
$ git commit --amend --author="Author Name <email@address.com>"
Then retry by running:
$ git codereview mail
Running all.bash for every single change to the code tree
is burdensome.
Even though it is strongly suggested to run it before
sending a change, during the normal development cycle you may want
to compile and test only the package you are developing.
make.bash instead of all.bash
to only rebuild the Go tool chain without running the whole test suite.
Or you
can run run.bash to only run the whole test suite without rebuilding
the tool chain.
You can think of all.bash as make.bash
followed by run.bash.
$GODIR.
The go tool built by $GODIR/src/make.bash will be installed
in $GODIR/bin/go and you
can invoke it to test your code.
For instance, if you
have modified the compiler and you want to test how it affects the
test suite of your own project, just run go test
using it:
$ cd <MYPROJECTDIR> $ $GODIR/bin/go test
$ cd $GODIR/src/crypto/sha1 $ [make changes...] $ $GODIR/bin/go test .
compile tool (which is the internal binary invoked
by go build to compile each single package).
After that, you will want to test it by compiling or running something.
$ cd $GODIR/src $ [make changes...] $ $GODIR/bin/go install cmd/compile $ $GODIR/bin/go build [something...] # test the new compiler $ $GODIR/bin/go run [something...] # test the new compiler $ $GODIR/bin/go test [something...] # test the new compilerThe same applies to other internal tools of the Go tool chain, such as
asm, cover, link, and so on.
Just recompile and install the tool using go
install cmd/<TOOL> and then use
the built Go binary to test it.
$GODIR/test that contains
several black-box and regression tests.
The test suite is run
by all.bash but you can also run it manually:
$ cd $GODIR/test $ $GODIR/bin/go run run.go
Unless explicitly told otherwise, such as in the discussion leading up to sending in the change, it's better not to specify a reviewer. All changes are automatically CC'ed to the golang-codereviews@googlegroups.com mailing list. If this is your first ever change, there may be a moderation delay before it appears on the mailing list, to prevent spam.
You can specify a reviewer or CC interested parties
using the -r or -cc options.
Both accept a comma-separated list of e-mail addresses:
$ git codereview mail -r joe@golang.org -cc mabel@example.com,math-nuts@swtch.com
While you were working, others might have submitted changes to the repository. To update your local branch, run
$ git codereview sync
(Under the covers this runs
git pull -r.)
As part of the review process reviewers can propose changes directly (in the GitHub workflow this would be someone else attaching commits to a pull request). You can import these changes proposed by someone else into your local Git repository. On the Gerrit review page, click the "Download ▼" link in the upper right corner, copy the "Checkout" command and run it from your local Git repo. It will look something like this:
$ git fetch https://go.googlesource.com/review refs/changes/21/13245/1 && git checkout FETCH_HEAD
To revert, change back to the branch you were working in.
The git-codereview command can be run directly from the shell
by typing, for instance,
$ git codereview sync
but it is more convenient to set up aliases for git-codereview's own
subcommands, so that the above becomes,
$ git sync
The git-codereview subcommands have been chosen to be distinct from
Git's own, so it's safe to define these aliases.
To install them, copy this text into your
Git configuration file (usually .gitconfig in your home directory):
[alias] change = codereview change gofmt = codereview gofmt mail = codereview mail pending = codereview pending submit = codereview submit sync = codereview sync
Advanced users may want to stack up related commits in a single branch. Gerrit allows for changes to be dependent on each other, forming such a dependency chain. Each change will need to be approved and submitted separately but the dependency will be visible to reviewers.
To send out a group of dependent changes, keep each change as a different commit under the same branch, and then run:
$ git codereview mail HEAD
Make sure to explicitly specify HEAD, which is usually not required when sending
single changes. More details can be found in the git-codereview documentation.