Throughout the spec we use the notion of a constant x being
representable by a value of type T. While intuitively clear,
at least for floating-point and complex constants types, the
concept was not well-defined. In the section on Conversions
there was an extra rule for floating-point types only and it
missed the case of floating-point values overflowing to an
infinity after rounding.
Since the concept is important to Go, and a compiler most
certainly will have a function to test "representability",
it seems warranted to define the term explicitly in the spec.
This change introduces a new entry "Representability" under
the section on "Properties of types and values", and defines
the term explicitly, together with examples.
The phrase used is "representable by" rather than "representable as"
because the former use is prevalent in the spec.
Additionally, it clarifies that a floating-point constant
that overflows to an infinity after rounding is never
representable by a value of a floating-point type, even though
infinities are valid values of IEEE floating point types.
This is required because there are not infinite value constants
in the language (like there is also no -0.0) and representability
also matters for constant conversions. This is not a language
change, and type-checkers have been following this rule before.
The change also introduces links throughout the spec to the new
section as appropriate and removes duplicate text and examples
elsewhere (Constants and Conversions sections), leading to
simplifications in the relevant paragraphs.
Fixes#15389.
Change-Id: I8be0e071552df0f18998ef4c5ef521f64ffe8c44
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/57530
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
The enumeration of numeric types missed the complex types.
Clarify by removing the explicit enumeration and referring
to numeric types instead.
Fixes#21579.
Change-Id: If36c2421f8501eeec82a07f442ac2e16a35927ba
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/58491
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The old wording seemed to imply that nil is a kind of type.
Slightly reworded for clarity.
Fixes#21580.
Change-Id: I29898bf0125a10cb8dbb5c7e63ec5399ebc590ca
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/58490
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The old comment for the example
type PtrMutex *Mutex
talked about the method set of the base type of PtrMutex.
It's more direct and clearer to talk about the underlying
type of PtrMutex for this specific example.
Also removed link inside pre-formatted region of text.
Fixes#20900.
Change-Id: Ie37340e53670e34ebe13e780ba8ccb1bba67795c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/55070
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
For non-constant shifts with an untyped constant shift count, the
spec only said that it must "be converted to unsigned integer type".
go/types accepts any (arbitrarily large) integer value. Both cmd/compile
and gccgo require that the shift count be representable as a uint value
in that case (if the shift count is typed, it may be any unsigned integer
type).
This change adjusts the spec to state what the compilers have been doing
all along. The new wording matches similar rules elsewhere (e.g., for
untyped array and slice indices). Also, while technically this is a
restriction (we could permit arbitrarily large shift counts), in practice
this is irrelevant.
Fixes#14822.
Change-Id: Ia75834c67483cf761c10025c8df758f225ef67c2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/45072
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
A pointer type of underlying type unsafe.Pointer can be used in
unsafe conversions. Document unfortunate status quo.
Fixes#19306.
Change-Id: I28172508a200561f8df366bbf2c2807ef3b48c97
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/42132
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Added a paragraph and examples explaining when an implementation
may use fused floating-point operations (such as FMA) and how to
prevent operation fusion.
For #17895.
Change-Id: I64c9559fc1097e597525caca420cfa7032d67014
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/40391
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
The section on map literals mentions constant map keys but doesn't say
what happens for equal non-constant map keys - that is covered in the
section on evaluation order. Added respective link for clarity.
Fixes#19689.
Change-Id: If9a5368ba02e8250d4bb0a1d60d0de26a1f37bbb
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/38598
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
The (original) section on "Operators and Delimiters" introduced
superfluous terminology ("delimiter", "special token") which
didn't matter and was used inconsistently.
Removed any mention of "delimiter" or "special token" and now
simply group the special character tokens into "operators"
(clearly defined via links), and "punctuation" (everything else).
Fixes#19450.
Change-Id: Ife31b24b95167ace096f93ed180b7eae41c66808
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/38073
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
To avoid confusion caused by the term "named type" (which now just
means a type with a name, but formerly meant a type declared with
a non-alias type declaration), a type declaration now comes in two
forms: alias declarations and type definitions. Both declare a type
name, but type definitions also define new types.
Replace the use of "named type" with "defined type" elsewhere in
the spec.
For #18130.
Change-Id: I49f5ddacefce90354eb65ee5fbf10ba737221995
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/36213
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
First steps towards defining type aliases in the spec.
This is a nomenclature clarification, not a language change.
The spec used all three terms 'embedded type', 'anonymous field',
and 'embedded field'. Users where using the terms inconsistently.
The notion of an 'anonymous' field was always misleading since they
always had a de-facto name. With type aliases that name becomes even
more important because we may have different names for the same type.
Use the term 'embedded field' consistently and remove competing
terminology.
For #18130.
Change-Id: I2083bbc85788cab0b2e2cb1ff58b2f979491f001
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/35108
Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
This matches what we already do for switch statements and makes
this large section more visibly organized. No other changes besides
introducing the titles.
Fixes#4486.
Change-Id: I73f274e4fdd27c6cfeaed79090b4553e57a9c479
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/33410
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
- organize examples better
- add an example illustrating behavior if element type is a named pointer type
- both compilers and go/types (per https://go-review.googlesource.com/33358)
follow this now
See the issue for detailed discussion.
Fixes#17954.
Change-Id: I8d90507ff2347d9493813f75b73233819880d2b4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/33361
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
A 16bit binary exponent permits a constant range covering roughly the range
from 7e-9865 to 7e9863 which is more than enough for any practical and
hypothetical constant arithmetic.
Furthermore, until recently cmd/compile could not handle very large exponents
correctly anyway; i.e., the chance that any real programs (but for tests that
explore corner cases) are affected are close to zero.
Finally, restricting the minimum supported range significantly reduces the
implementation complexity in an area that hardly matters in reality for new
or alternative spec-compliant implementations that don't or cannot rely on
pre-existing arbitratry precision arithmetic packages that support a 32bit
exponent range.
This is technically a language change but for the reasons mentioned above
this is unlikely to affect any real programs, and certainly not programs
compiled with the gc or gccgo compilers as they currently support up to
32bit exponents.
Fixes#13572.
Change-Id: I970f919c57fc82c0175844364cf48ea335f17d39
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/17711
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
This simply documents the status quo accepted by cmd/compile, gccgo,
and go/types. The new language matches the language used for indices
of index expressions for arrays and slices.
Fixes#16679.
Change-Id: I65447889fbda9d222f2a9e6c10334d1b38c555f0
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/30474
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
This is a backwards-compatible language change.
Per the proposal (#16085), the rules for conversions are relaxed
such that struct tags in any of the structs involved in the conversion
are ignored (recursively).
Because this is loosening the existing rules, code that compiled so
far will continue to compile.
For #16085.
Fixes#6858.
Change-Id: I0feef651582db5f23046a2331fc3f179ae577c45
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/24190
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
See the issue below for details.
Fixes#16794.
Change-Id: I7e338089fd80ddcb634fa80bfc658dee2772361c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27356
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
The enumerations didn't include the syntactic form where the lhs is
full variable declaration with type specification, as in:
var x, ok T = ...
Fixes#15782.
Change-Id: I0f7bafc37dc9dcf62cdb0894a0d157074ccd4b3e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27670
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The changes match the existing compilers, and assume an adjusted
spec (per issue #16794).
Fixes#15686.
Change-Id: I72677ce75888c41a8f3c2963117a2f2d5501c42b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/27290
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Both compilers and also go/types don't permit duplicate types in
type switches; i.e., this spec change is documenting a status quo
that has existed for some time.
Furthermore, duplicate nils are not accepted by gccgo or go/types;
and more recently started causing a compiler error in gc. Permitting
them is inconsistent with the existing status quo.
Rather than making it an implementation restriction (as we have for
expression switches), this is a hard requirement since it was enforced
from the beginning (except for duplicate nils); it is also a well
specified requirement that does not pose a significant burden for
an implementation.
Fixes#15896.
Change-Id: If12db5bafa87598b323ea84418cb05421e657dd8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/23584
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Note that the spec already makes that point with a comment in the very first
example for struct field tags. This change is simply stating this explicitly
in the actual spec prose.
- gccgo and go/types already follow this rule
- the current reflect package API doesn't distinguish between absent tags
and empty tags (i.e., there is no discoverable difference)
Fixes#15412.
Change-Id: I92f9c283064137b4c8651630cee0343720717a02
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/22391
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Per a suggestion from mdempsky.
Both gc and gccgo consider a statement list as terminating if the
last _non_empty_ statement is terminating; i.e., trailing semis are
ok. Only gotype followed the current stricter rule in the spec.
This change adjusts the spec to match gc and gccgo behavior. In
support of this change, the spec has a matching rule for fallthrough,
which in valid positions may be followed by trailing semis as well.
For details and examples, see the issue below.
Fixes#14422.
Change-Id: Ie17c282e216fc40ecb54623445c17be111e17ade
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/19981
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
The () parentheses grouped wrongly. Removed them completely in
favor of separate 2- and 3-index slice alternatives which is
clearer.
Fixes#14477.
Change-Id: I0b7521ac912130d9ea8740b8793b3b88e2609418
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/19853
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Slightly rephrased sentence to emphasize the contents of the
Unicode categories w/o repeating the full category name each
time.
Fixes#13414.
Change-Id: Icd32ff1547fa81e866c5937a631c3344bb6087c6
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/18265
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
The proper term is "untyped boolean".
Change-Id: Id871164190a03c64a8a8987b1ad5d8653a21d96e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16135
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
The spec defines precise numeric constants which do not overflow.
Consequently, +/-Inf and NaN values were excluded. The case was not
clear for -0.0 but they are mostly of interest to determine the sign
of infinities which don't exist.
That said, the conversion rules explicitly say that T(x) (for a numeric
x and floating-point type T) is the value after rounding per IEEE-754.
The result is constant if x is constant. Rounding per IEEE-754 can
produce a -0.0 which we cannot represent as a constant.
Thus, the spec is inconsistent. Attempt to fix the inconsistency by
adjusting the rounding rule rather than letting -0.0 into the language.
For more details, see the issue below.
Open to discussion.
Fixes#12576.
Change-Id: Ibe3c676372ab16d9229f1f9daaf316f761e074ee
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/14727
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
The prose discussing composite literals referred to the composite
literal type with 'LiteralType', denoting the literal type's EBNF
production explicitly. Changed 'LiteralType' to 'literal type' to
remove the literal (no pun intended) connection and instead mean
the underlying type. Seems a simpler and more readable change
than referring to the underlying type everywhere explicitly.
Fixes#12717.
Change-Id: I225df95f9ece2664b19068525ea8bda5ca05a44a
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/14851
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
First step towards cleaning up the operator section - no language
changes. Specifically:
- Grouped arithmetic operations by types (integer, floating-point,
string), with corresponding h4 headings.
- Changed Operator precedence title from h3 to h4.
- Moved Integer Overflow section after integer operations and changed
its title from h3 to h4.
This puts things that belong together closer. No heading id's were
lost (in case of references from outside the spec).
Change-Id: I6b349ba8d86a6ae29b596beb297cc45c81e69399
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/13143
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
