crypto/tls: implement countermeasures against CBC padding oracles

The aim is to make the decrypt() timing profile constant, irrespective of
the CBC padding length or correctness.  The old algorithm, on valid padding,
would only MAC bytes up to the padding length threshold, making CBC
ciphersuites vulnerable to plaintext recovery attacks as presented in the
"Lucky Thirteen" paper.

The new algorithm Write()s to the MAC all supposed payload, performs a
constant time Sum()---which required implementing a constant time Sum() in
crypto/sha1, see the "Lucky Microseconds" paper---and then Write()s the rest
of the data. This is performed whether the padding is good or not.

This should have no explicit secret-dependent timings, but it does NOT
attempt to normalize memory accesses to prevent cache timing leaks.

Updates #13385

Change-Id: I15d91dc3cc6eefc1d44f317f72ff8feb0a9888f7
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/18130
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>

src/crypto/sha1/sha1.go

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func (d0 *digest) Sum(in []byte) []byte {
 
 func (d *digest) checkSum() [Size]byte {
 	len := d.len
-	// Padding. Add a 1 bit and 0 bits until 56 bytes mod 64.
+	// Padding.  Add a 1 bit and 0 bits until 56 bytes mod 64.
 	var tmp [64]byte
 	tmp[0] = 0x80
 	if len%64 < 56 {
@@ -121,6 +121,74 @@ func (d *digest) checkSum() [Size]byte {
 	return digest
 }
 
+// ConstantTimeSum computes the same result of Sum() but in constant time
+func (d0 *digest) ConstantTimeSum(in []byte) []byte {
+	d := *d0
+	hash := d.constSum()
+	return append(in, hash[:]...)
+}
+
+func (d *digest) constSum() [Size]byte {
+	var length [8]byte
+	l := d.len << 3
+	for i := uint(0); i < 8; i++ {
+		length[i] = byte(l >> (56 - 8*i))
+	}
+
+	nx := byte(d.nx)
+	t := nx - 56                 // if nx < 56 then the MSB of t is one
+	mask1b := byte(int8(t) >> 7) // mask1b is 0xFF iff one block is enough
+
+	separator := byte(0x80) // gets reset to 0x00 once used
+	for i := byte(0); i < chunk; i++ {
+		mask := byte(int8(i-nx) >> 7) // 0x00 after the end of data
+
+		// if we reached the end of the data, replace with 0x80 or 0x00
+		d.x[i] = (^mask & separator) | (mask & d.x[i])
+
+		// zero the separator once used
+		separator &= mask
+
+		if i >= 56 {
+			// we might have to write the length here if all fit in one block
+			d.x[i] |= mask1b & length[i-56]
+		}
+	}
+
+	// compress, and only keep the digest if all fit in one block
+	block(d, d.x[:])
+
+	var digest [Size]byte
+	for i, s := range d.h {
+		digest[i*4] = mask1b & byte(s>>24)
+		digest[i*4+1] = mask1b & byte(s>>16)
+		digest[i*4+2] = mask1b & byte(s>>8)
+		digest[i*4+3] = mask1b & byte(s)
+	}
+
+	for i := byte(0); i < chunk; i++ {
+		// second block, it's always past the end of data, might start with 0x80
+		if i < 56 {
+			d.x[i] = separator
+			separator = 0
+		} else {
+			d.x[i] = length[i-56]
+		}
+	}
+
+	// compress, and only keep the digest if we actually needed the second block
+	block(d, d.x[:])
+
+	for i, s := range d.h {
+		digest[i*4] |= ^mask1b & byte(s>>24)
+		digest[i*4+1] |= ^mask1b & byte(s>>16)
+		digest[i*4+2] |= ^mask1b & byte(s>>8)
+		digest[i*4+3] |= ^mask1b & byte(s)
+	}
+
+	return digest
+}
+
 // Sum returns the SHA1 checksum of the data.
 func Sum(data []byte) [Size]byte {
 	var d digest

src/crypto/sha1/sha1_test.go

@@ -61,15 +61,24 @@ func TestGolden(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("Sum function: sha1(%s) = %s want %s", g.in, s, g.out)
 		}
 		c := New()
-		for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
+		for j := 0; j < 4; j++ {
-			if j < 2 {
+			var sum []byte
+			switch j {
+			case 0, 1:
 				io.WriteString(c, g.in)
-			} else {
+				sum = c.Sum(nil)
+			case 2:
 				io.WriteString(c, g.in[0:len(g.in)/2])
 				c.Sum(nil)
 				io.WriteString(c, g.in[len(g.in)/2:])
+				sum = c.Sum(nil)
+			case 3:
+				io.WriteString(c, g.in[0:len(g.in)/2])
+				c.(*digest).ConstantTimeSum(nil)
+				io.WriteString(c, g.in[len(g.in)/2:])
+				sum = c.(*digest).ConstantTimeSum(nil)
 			}
-			s := fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.Sum(nil))
+			s := fmt.Sprintf("%x", sum)
 			if s != g.out {
 				t.Fatalf("sha1[%d](%s) = %s want %s", j, g.in, s, g.out)
 			}

src/crypto/tls/cipher_suites.go

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func macSHA1(version uint16, key []byte) macFunction {
 		copy(mac.key, key)
 		return mac
 	}
-	return tls10MAC{hmac.New(sha1.New, key)}
+	return tls10MAC{hmac.New(newConstantTimeHash(sha1.New), key)}
 }
 
 // macSHA256 returns a SHA-256 based MAC. These are only supported in TLS 1.2
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func macSHA256(version uint16, key []byte) macFunction {
 
 type macFunction interface {
 	Size() int
-	MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data []byte) []byte
+	MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data, extra []byte) []byte
 }
 
 // fixedNonceAEAD wraps an AEAD and prefixes a fixed portion of the nonce to
@@ -200,7 +200,9 @@ var ssl30Pad1 = [48]byte{0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0
 
 var ssl30Pad2 = [48]byte{0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x5c}
 
-func (s ssl30MAC) MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data []byte) []byte {
+// MAC does not offer constant timing guarantees for SSL v3.0, since it's deemed
+// useless considering the similar, protocol-level POODLE vulnerability.
+func (s ssl30MAC) MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data, extra []byte) []byte {
 	padLength := 48
 	if s.h.Size() == 20 {
 		padLength = 40
@@ -222,6 +224,29 @@ func (s ssl30MAC) MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data []byte) []byte {
 	return s.h.Sum(digestBuf[:0])
 }
 
+type constantTimeHash interface {
+	hash.Hash
+	ConstantTimeSum(b []byte) []byte
+}
+
+// cthWrapper wraps any hash.Hash that implements ConstantTimeSum, and replaces
+// with that all calls to Sum. It's used to obtain a ConstantTimeSum-based HMAC.
+type cthWrapper struct {
+	h constantTimeHash
+}
+
+func (c *cthWrapper) Size() int                   { return c.h.Size() }
+func (c *cthWrapper) BlockSize() int              { return c.h.BlockSize() }
+func (c *cthWrapper) Reset()                      { c.h.Reset() }
+func (c *cthWrapper) Write(p []byte) (int, error) { return c.h.Write(p) }
+func (c *cthWrapper) Sum(b []byte) []byte         { return c.h.ConstantTimeSum(b) }
+
+func newConstantTimeHash(h func() hash.Hash) func() hash.Hash {
+	return func() hash.Hash {
+		return &cthWrapper{h().(constantTimeHash)}
+	}
+}
+
 // tls10MAC implements the TLS 1.0 MAC function. RFC 2246, section 6.2.3.
 type tls10MAC struct {
 	h hash.Hash
@@ -231,12 +256,19 @@ func (s tls10MAC) Size() int {
 	return s.h.Size()
 }
 
-func (s tls10MAC) MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data []byte) []byte {
+// MAC is guaranteed to take constant time, as long as
+// len(seq)+len(header)+len(data)+len(extra) is constant. extra is not fed into
+// the MAC, but is only provided to make the timing profile constant.
+func (s tls10MAC) MAC(digestBuf, seq, header, data, extra []byte) []byte {
 	s.h.Reset()
 	s.h.Write(seq)
 	s.h.Write(header)
 	s.h.Write(data)
-	return s.h.Sum(digestBuf[:0])
+	res := s.h.Sum(digestBuf[:0])
+	if extra != nil {
+		s.h.Write(extra)
+	}
+	return res
 }
 
 func rsaKA(version uint16) keyAgreement {

src/crypto/tls/conn.go

@@ -193,18 +193,18 @@ func (hc *halfConn) incSeq() {
 	panic("TLS: sequence number wraparound")
 }
 
-// removePadding returns an unpadded slice, in constant time, which is a prefix
+// extractPadding returns, in constant time, the length of the padding to remove
-// of the input. It also returns a byte which is equal to 255 if the padding
+// from the end of payload. It also returns a byte which is equal to 255 if the
-// was valid and 0 otherwise. See RFC 2246, section 6.2.3.2
+// padding was valid and 0 otherwise. See RFC 2246, section 6.2.3.2
-func removePadding(payload []byte) ([]byte, byte) {
+func extractPadding(payload []byte) (toRemove int, good byte) {
 	if len(payload) < 1 {
-		return payload, 0
+		return 0, 0
 	}
 
 	paddingLen := payload[len(payload)-1]
 	t := uint(len(payload)-1) - uint(paddingLen)
 	// if len(payload) >= (paddingLen - 1) then the MSB of t is zero
-	good := byte(int32(^t) >> 31)
+	good = byte(int32(^t) >> 31)
 
 	toCheck := 255 // the maximum possible padding length
 	// The length of the padded data is public, so we can use an if here
@@ -227,24 +227,24 @@ func removePadding(payload []byte) ([]byte, byte) {
 	good &= good << 1
 	good = uint8(int8(good) >> 7)
 
-	toRemove := good&paddingLen + 1
+	toRemove = int(paddingLen) + 1
-	return payload[:len(payload)-int(toRemove)], good
+	return
 }
 
-// removePaddingSSL30 is a replacement for removePadding in the case that the
+// extractPaddingSSL30 is a replacement for extractPadding in the case that the
 // protocol version is SSLv3. In this version, the contents of the padding
 // are random and cannot be checked.
-func removePaddingSSL30(payload []byte) ([]byte, byte) {
+func extractPaddingSSL30(payload []byte) (toRemove int, good byte) {
 	if len(payload) < 1 {
-		return payload, 0
+		return 0, 0
 	}
 
 	paddingLen := int(payload[len(payload)-1]) + 1
 	if paddingLen > len(payload) {
-		return payload, 0
+		return 0, 0
 	}
 
-	return payload[:len(payload)-paddingLen], 255
+	return paddingLen, 255
 }
 
 func roundUp(a, b int) int {
@@ -270,6 +270,7 @@ func (hc *halfConn) decrypt(b *block) (ok bool, prefixLen int, alertValue alert)
 	}
 
 	paddingGood := byte(255)
+	paddingLen := 0
 	explicitIVLen := 0
 
 	// decrypt
@@ -312,22 +313,17 @@ func (hc *halfConn) decrypt(b *block) (ok bool, prefixLen int, alertValue alert)
 			}
 			c.CryptBlocks(payload, payload)
 			if hc.version == VersionSSL30 {
-				payload, paddingGood = removePaddingSSL30(payload)
+				paddingLen, paddingGood = extractPaddingSSL30(payload)
 			} else {
-				payload, paddingGood = removePadding(payload)
+				paddingLen, paddingGood = extractPadding(payload)
-			}
-			b.resize(recordHeaderLen + explicitIVLen + len(payload))
 
-			// note that we still have a timing side-channel in the
+				// To protect against CBC padding oracles like Lucky13, the data
-			// MAC check, below. An attacker can align the record
+				// past paddingLen (which is secret) is passed to the MAC
-			// so that a correct padding will cause one less hash
+				// function as extra data, to be fed into the HMAC after
-			// block to be calculated. Then they can iteratively
+				// computing the digest. This makes the MAC constant time as
-			// decrypt a record by breaking each byte. See
+				// long as the digest computation is constant time and does not
-			// "Password Interception in a SSL/TLS Channel", Brice
+				// affect the subsequent write.
-			// Canvel et al.
+			}
-			//
-			// However, our behavior matches OpenSSL, so we leak
-			// only as much as they do.
 		default:
 			panic("unknown cipher type")
 		}
@@ -340,17 +336,19 @@ func (hc *halfConn) decrypt(b *block) (ok bool, prefixLen int, alertValue alert)
 		}
 
 		// strip mac off payload, b.data
-		n := len(payload) - macSize
+		n := len(payload) - macSize - paddingLen
+		n = subtle.ConstantTimeSelect(int(uint32(n)>>31), 0, n) // if n < 0 { n = 0 }
 		b.data[3] = byte(n >> 8)
 		b.data[4] = byte(n)
-		b.resize(recordHeaderLen + explicitIVLen + n)
+		remoteMAC := payload[n : n+macSize]
-		remoteMAC := payload[n:]
+		localMAC := hc.mac.MAC(hc.inDigestBuf, hc.seq[0:], b.data[:recordHeaderLen], payload[:n], payload[n+macSize:])
-		localMAC := hc.mac.MAC(hc.inDigestBuf, hc.seq[0:], b.data[:recordHeaderLen], payload[:n])
 
 		if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(localMAC, remoteMAC) != 1 || paddingGood != 255 {
 			return false, 0, alertBadRecordMAC
 		}
 		hc.inDigestBuf = localMAC
+
+		b.resize(recordHeaderLen + explicitIVLen + n)
 	}
 	hc.incSeq()
 
@@ -378,7 +376,7 @@ func padToBlockSize(payload []byte, blockSize int) (prefix, finalBlock []byte) {
 func (hc *halfConn) encrypt(b *block, explicitIVLen int) (bool, alert) {
 	// mac
 	if hc.mac != nil {
-		mac := hc.mac.MAC(hc.outDigestBuf, hc.seq[0:], b.data[:recordHeaderLen], b.data[recordHeaderLen+explicitIVLen:])
+		mac := hc.mac.MAC(hc.outDigestBuf, hc.seq[0:], b.data[:recordHeaderLen], b.data[recordHeaderLen+explicitIVLen:], nil)
 
 		n := len(b.data)
 		b.resize(n + len(mac))

src/crypto/tls/conn_test.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ var paddingTests = []struct {
 
 func TestRemovePadding(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, test := range paddingTests {
-		payload, good := removePadding(test.in)
+		paddingLen, good := extractPadding(test.in)
 		expectedGood := byte(255)
 		if !test.good {
 			expectedGood = 0
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ func TestRemovePadding(t *testing.T) {
 		if good != expectedGood {
 			t.Errorf("#%d: wrong validity, want:%d got:%d", i, expectedGood, good)
 		}
-		if good == 255 && len(payload) != test.expectedLen {
+		if good == 255 && len(test.in)-paddingLen != test.expectedLen {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: got %d, want %d", i, len(payload), test.expectedLen)
+			t.Errorf("#%d: got %d, want %d", i, len(test.in)-paddingLen, test.expectedLen)
 		}
 	}
 }