cmd/compile: fix "append outside assignment" ICE

Some special-case code paths in order.go didn't expect OCALLFUNC to
have Ninit; in particular, OAS2FUNC and ODEFER/OGO failed to call
o.init on their child OCALLFUNC node. This resulted in not all of the
AST being properly ordered.

This was noticed because order is responsible for introducing an
invariant around how OAPPEND is used, which is enforced by walk.
However, there were perhaps simpler cases (e.g., simple order of
evaluation) that were being silently miscompiled.

Fixes #31010.

Change-Id: Ib928890ab5ec2aebd8e30a030bc2b404387f9123
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/169257
Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>

src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/order.go

@@ -383,6 +383,10 @@ func (o *Order) init(n *Node) {
 // call orders the call expression n.
 // n.Op is OCALLMETH/OCALLFUNC/OCALLINTER or a builtin like OCOPY.
 func (o *Order) call(n *Node) {
+	if n.Ninit.Len() > 0 {
+		// Caller should have already called o.init(n).
+		Fatalf("%v with unexpected ninit", n.Op)
+	}
 	n.Left = o.expr(n.Left, nil)
 	n.Right = o.expr(n.Right, nil) // ODDDARG temp
 	o.exprList(n.List)
@@ -578,6 +582,7 @@ func (o *Order) stmt(n *Node) {
 	case OAS2FUNC:
 		t := o.markTemp()
 		o.exprList(n.List)
+		o.init(n.Rlist.First())
 		o.call(n.Rlist.First())
 		o.as2(n)
 		o.cleanTemp(t)
@@ -637,6 +642,7 @@ func (o *Order) stmt(n *Node) {
 	// Special: order arguments to inner call but not call itself.
 	case ODEFER, OGO:
 		t := o.markTemp()
+		o.init(n.Left)
 		o.call(n.Left)
 		o.out = append(o.out, n)
 		o.cleanTemp(t)

test/fixedbugs/issue31010.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// compile
+
+// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package p
+
+var (
+	x  int
+	xs []int
+)
+
+func a([]int) (int, error)
+
+func b() (int, error) {
+	return a(append(xs, x))
+}
+
+func c(int, error) (int, error)
+
+func d() (int, error) {
+	return c(b())
+}