diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/alg.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/alg.go
index 5105178732..f14e758f1c 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/alg.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/alg.go
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ func genhash(sym *Sym, t *Type) {
 	Curfn = fn
 	fn.Func.Dupok = true
 	typecheck(&fn, Etop)
-	typechecklist(fn.Nbody, Etop)
+	typechecklist(fn.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	Curfn = nil
 
 	// Disable safemode while compiling this code: the code we
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ func geneq(sym *Sym, t *Type) {
 	Curfn = fn
 	fn.Func.Dupok = true
 	typecheck(&fn, Etop)
-	typechecklist(fn.Nbody, Etop)
+	typechecklist(fn.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	Curfn = nil
 
 	// Disable safemode while compiling this code: the code we
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bexport.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bexport.go
index e46d539adf..e7b22b8161 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bexport.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bexport.go
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ func (p *exporter) inlinedBody(n *Node) {
 	p.int(index)
 }
 
-func (p *exporter) nodeList(list nodesOrNodeList) {
+func (p *exporter) nodeList(list Nodes) {
 	it := nodeSeqIterate(list)
 	if p.trace {
 		p.tracef("[ ")
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bimport.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bimport.go
index 97382b8199..f64f39559d 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bimport.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/bimport.go
@@ -249,8 +249,8 @@ func (p *importer) typ() *Type {
 			}
 			sym := pkg.Lookup(name)
 
-			n := methodname1(newname(sym), recv.N.Right)
-			n.Type = functype(recv.N, params, result)
+			n := methodname1(newname(sym), recv[0].Right)
+			n.Type = functype(recv[0], params, result)
 			checkwidth(n.Type)
 			// addmethod uses the global variable structpkg to verify consistency
 			{
@@ -342,14 +342,14 @@ func (p *importer) qualifiedName() *Sym {
 }
 
 // go.y:hidden_structdcl_list
-func (p *importer) fieldList() *NodeList {
+func (p *importer) fieldList() []*Node {
 	i := p.int()
 	if i == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	n := list1(p.field())
-	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
-		n = list(n, p.field())
+	n := make([]*Node, 0, i)
+	for ; i > 0; i-- {
+		n = append(n, p.field())
 	}
 	return n
 }
@@ -389,14 +389,14 @@ func (p *importer) note() (v Val) {
 }
 
 // go.y:hidden_interfacedcl_list
-func (p *importer) methodList() *NodeList {
+func (p *importer) methodList() []*Node {
 	i := p.int()
 	if i == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	n := list1(p.method())
-	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
-		n = list(n, p.method())
+	n := make([]*Node, 0, i)
+	for ; i > 0; i-- {
+		n = append(n, p.method())
 	}
 	return n
 }
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ func (p *importer) fieldName() *Sym {
 }
 
 // go.y:ohidden_funarg_list
-func (p *importer) paramList() *NodeList {
+func (p *importer) paramList() []*Node {
 	i := p.int()
 	if i == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -440,10 +440,9 @@ func (p *importer) paramList() *NodeList {
 		named = false
 	}
 	// i > 0
-	n := list1(p.param(named))
-	i--
+	n := make([]*Node, 0, i)
 	for ; i > 0; i-- {
-		n = list(n, p.param(named))
+		n = append(n, p.param(named))
 	}
 	return n
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/closure.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/closure.go
index ad443b6194..3a2ce72038 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/closure.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/closure.go
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func typecheckclosure(func_ *Node, top int) {
 		Curfn = func_
 		olddd := decldepth
 		decldepth = 1
-		typechecklist(func_.Nbody, Etop)
+		typechecklist(func_.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 		decldepth = olddd
 		Curfn = oldfn
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/dcl.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/dcl.go
index c10c6a7d65..b5ae6dca13 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/dcl.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/dcl.go
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ func constiter(vl *NodeList, t *Node, cl *NodeList) *NodeList {
 		lastconst = cl
 		lasttype = t
 	}
-	clcopy := listtreecopy(cl, lno)
+	clcopy := listtreecopy(nodeSeqSlice(cl), lno)
 
 	var v *Node
 	var c *Node
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ func colasname(n *Node) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func colasdefn(left nodesOrNodeList, defn *Node) {
+func colasdefn(left Nodes, defn *Node) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(left); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		if it.N().Sym != nil {
 			it.N().Sym.Flags |= SymUniq
@@ -828,13 +828,13 @@ func checkdupfields(t *Type, what string) {
 
 // convert a parsed id/type list into
 // a type for struct/interface/arglist
-func tostruct(l nodesOrNodeList) *Type {
+func tostruct(l []*Node) *Type {
 	t := typ(TSTRUCT)
 	tostruct0(t, l)
 	return t
 }
 
-func tostruct0(t *Type, l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func tostruct0(t *Type, l []*Node) {
 	if t == nil || t.Etype != TSTRUCT {
 		Fatalf("struct expected")
 	}
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ func tostruct0(t *Type, l nodesOrNodeList) {
 	}
 }
 
-func tofunargs(l nodesOrNodeList) *Type {
+func tofunargs(l []*Node) *Type {
 	var f *Type
 
 	t := typ(TSTRUCT)
@@ -955,13 +955,13 @@ func interfacefield(n *Node) *Type {
 	return f
 }
 
-func tointerface(l nodesOrNodeList) *Type {
+func tointerface(l []*Node) *Type {
 	t := typ(TINTER)
 	tointerface0(t, l)
 	return t
 }
 
-func tointerface0(t *Type, l nodesOrNodeList) *Type {
+func tointerface0(t *Type, l []*Node) *Type {
 	if t == nil || t.Etype != TINTER {
 		Fatalf("interface expected")
 	}
@@ -1155,20 +1155,20 @@ func isifacemethod(f *Type) bool {
 }
 
 // turn a parsed function declaration into a type
-func functype(this *Node, in nodesOrNodeList, out nodesOrNodeList) *Type {
+func functype(this *Node, in, out []*Node) *Type {
 	t := typ(TFUNC)
 	functype0(t, this, in, out)
 	return t
 }
 
-func functype0(t *Type, this *Node, in nodesOrNodeList, out nodesOrNodeList) {
+func functype0(t *Type, this *Node, in, out []*Node) {
 	if t == nil || t.Etype != TFUNC {
 		Fatalf("function type expected")
 	}
 
-	var rcvr *NodeList
+	var rcvr []*Node
 	if this != nil {
-		rcvr = list1(this)
+		rcvr = []*Node{this}
 	}
 	t.Type = tofunargs(rcvr)
 	t.Type.Down = tofunargs(out)
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ func checknowritebarrierrec() {
 	})
 }
 
-func (c *nowritebarrierrecChecker) visitcodelist(l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func (c *nowritebarrierrecChecker) visitcodelist(l Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		c.visitcode(it.N())
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/esc.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/esc.go
index bf709398ed..17795797e2 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/esc.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/esc.go
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func (v *bottomUpVisitor) visit(n *Node) uint32 {
 	return min
 }
 
-func (v *bottomUpVisitor) visitcodelist(l nodesOrNodeList, min uint32) uint32 {
+func (v *bottomUpVisitor) visitcodelist(l Nodes, min uint32) uint32 {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		min = v.visitcode(it.N(), min)
 	}
@@ -300,9 +300,9 @@ func (l Level) guaranteedDereference() int {
 
 type NodeEscState struct {
 	Curfn             *Node
-	Escflowsrc        []*Node   // flow(this, src)
-	Escretval         *NodeList // on OCALLxxx, list of dummy return values
-	Escloopdepth      int32     // -1: global, 0: return variables, 1:function top level, increased inside function for every loop or label to mark scopes
+	Escflowsrc        []*Node // flow(this, src)
+	Escretval         Nodes   // on OCALLxxx, list of dummy return values
+	Escloopdepth      int32   // -1: global, 0: return variables, 1:function top level, increased inside function for every loop or label to mark scopes
 	Esclevel          Level
 	Walkgen           uint32
 	Maxextraloopdepth int32
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ var looping Label
 
 var nonlooping Label
 
-func escloopdepthlist(e *EscState, l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func escloopdepthlist(e *EscState, l Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		escloopdepth(e, it.N())
 	}
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ func escloopdepth(e *EscState, n *Node) {
 	escloopdepthlist(e, n.Rlist)
 }
 
-func esclist(e *EscState, l nodesOrNodeList, up *Node) {
+func esclist(e *EscState, l Nodes, up *Node) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		esc(e, it.N(), up)
 	}
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ func esc(e *EscState, n *Node, up *Node) {
 		}
 
 	case ORETURN:
-		ll := nodesOrNodeList(n.List)
+		ll := n.List
 		if nodeSeqLen(n.List) == 1 && Curfn.Type.Outtuple > 1 {
 			// OAS2FUNC in disguise
 			// esccall already done on n->list->n
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ func describeEscape(em uint16) string {
 
 // escassignfromtag models the input-to-output assignment flow of one of a function
 // calls arguments, where the flow is encoded in "note".
-func escassignfromtag(e *EscState, note *string, dsts nodesOrNodeList, src *Node) uint16 {
+func escassignfromtag(e *EscState, note *string, dsts Nodes, src *Node) uint16 {
 	em := parsetag(note)
 	if src.Op == OLITERAL {
 		return em
@@ -1320,7 +1320,7 @@ func escNoteOutputParamFlow(e uint16, vargen int32, level Level) uint16 {
 func initEscretval(e *EscState, n *Node, fntype *Type) {
 	i := 0
 	nE := e.nodeEscState(n)
-	setNodeSeq(&nE.Escretval, nil) // Suspect this is not nil for indirect calls.
+	nE.Escretval.Set(nil) // Suspect this is not nil for indirect calls.
 	for t := getoutargx(fntype).Type; t != nil; t = t.Down {
 		src := Nod(ONAME, nil, nil)
 		buf := fmt.Sprintf(".out%d", i)
@@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@ func initEscretval(e *EscState, n *Node, fntype *Type) {
 		e.nodeEscState(src).Escloopdepth = e.loopdepth
 		src.Used = true
 		src.Lineno = n.Lineno
-		appendNodeSeqNode(&nE.Escretval, src)
+		nE.Escretval.Append(src)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ func esccall(e *EscState, n *Node, up *Node) {
 		indirect = true
 	}
 
-	ll := nodesOrNodeList(n.List)
+	ll := n.List
 	if nodeSeqLen(n.List) == 1 {
 		a := nodeSeqFirst(n.List)
 		if a.Type.Etype == TSTRUCT && a.Type.Funarg { // f(g()).
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/export.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/export.go
index b62c13e281..1896e33eb3 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/export.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/export.go
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func dumppkg(p *Pkg) {
 }
 
 // Look for anything we need for the inline body
-func reexportdeplist(ll nodesOrNodeList) {
+func reexportdeplist(ll Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(ll); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		reexportdep(it.N())
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/fmt.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/fmt.go
index 7964aeae4b..b712f4c15d 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/fmt.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/fmt.go
@@ -1699,7 +1699,9 @@ func Nconv(n *Node, flag int) string {
 }
 
 func (l *NodeList) String() string {
-	return Hconv(l, 0)
+	var n Nodes
+	n.Set(nodeSeqSlice(l))
+	return Hconv(n, 0)
 }
 
 func (n Nodes) String() string {
@@ -1708,7 +1710,7 @@ func (n Nodes) String() string {
 
 // Fmt '%H': NodeList.
 // Flags: all those of %N plus ',': separate with comma's instead of semicolons.
-func Hconv(l nodesOrNodeList, flag int) string {
+func Hconv(l Nodes, flag int) string {
 	if nodeSeqLen(l) == 0 && fmtmode == FDbg {
 		return "<nil>"
 	}
@@ -1736,7 +1738,7 @@ func Hconv(l nodesOrNodeList, flag int) string {
 	return buf.String()
 }
 
-func dumplist(s string, l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func dumplist(s string, l Nodes) {
 	fmt.Printf("%s%v\n", s, Hconv(l, obj.FmtSign))
 }
 
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/gen.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/gen.go
index 0b69f73ce2..e3c1e4af34 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/gen.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/gen.go
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func stmtlabel(n *Node) *Label {
 }
 
 // compile statements
-func Genlist(l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func Genlist(l Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		gen(it.N())
 	}
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ func cgen_dottype(n *Node, res, resok *Node, wb bool) {
 		r1.Type = byteptr
 		r2.Type = byteptr
 		setNodeSeq(&call.List, list(list(list1(&r1), &r2), typename(n.Left.Type)))
-		setNodeSeq(&call.List, ascompatte(OCALLFUNC, call, false, getinarg(fn.Type), call.List, 0, nil))
+		setNodeSeq(&call.List, ascompatte(OCALLFUNC, call, false, getinarg(fn.Type), call.List.Slice(), 0, nil))
 		gen(call)
 		Regfree(&r1)
 		Regfree(&r2)
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ func Cgen_As2dottype(n, res, resok *Node) {
 	dowidth(fn.Type)
 	call := Nod(OCALLFUNC, fn, nil)
 	setNodeSeq(&call.List, list(list(list1(&r1), &r2), typename(n.Left.Type)))
-	setNodeSeq(&call.List, ascompatte(OCALLFUNC, call, false, getinarg(fn.Type), call.List, 0, nil))
+	setNodeSeq(&call.List, ascompatte(OCALLFUNC, call, false, getinarg(fn.Type), call.List.Slice(), 0, nil))
 	gen(call)
 	Regfree(&r1)
 	Regfree(&r2)
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/init.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/init.go
index 434616fc3a..7add3d781e 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/init.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/init.go
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func fninit(n *NodeList) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	nf := initfix(n)
+	nf := initfix(nodeSeqSlice(n))
 	if !anyinit(nf) {
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/inl.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/inl.go
index c192b329fa..ac93c6b41b 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/inl.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/inl.go
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func typecheckinl(fn *Node) {
 
 	savefn := Curfn
 	Curfn = fn
-	typechecklist(fn.Func.Inl, Etop)
+	typechecklist(fn.Func.Inl.Slice(), Etop)
 	Curfn = savefn
 
 	safemode = save_safemode
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func caninl(fn *Node) {
 }
 
 // Look for anything we want to punt on.
-func ishairylist(ll nodesOrNodeList, budget *int) bool {
+func ishairylist(ll Nodes, budget *int) bool {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(ll); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		if ishairy(it.N(), budget) {
 			return true
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func ishairy(n *Node, budget *int) bool {
 // Inlcopy and inlcopylist recursively copy the body of a function.
 // Any name-like node of non-local class is marked for re-export by adding it to
 // the exportlist.
-func inlcopylist(ll nodesOrNodeList) []*Node {
+func inlcopylist(ll []*Node) []*Node {
 	s := make([]*Node, 0, nodeSeqLen(ll))
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(ll); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		s = append(s, inlcopy(it.N()))
@@ -270,9 +270,9 @@ func inlcopy(n *Node) *Node {
 	}
 	m.Left = inlcopy(n.Left)
 	m.Right = inlcopy(n.Right)
-	setNodeSeq(&m.List, inlcopylist(n.List))
-	setNodeSeq(&m.Rlist, inlcopylist(n.Rlist))
-	setNodeSeq(&m.Ninit, inlcopylist(n.Ninit))
+	setNodeSeq(&m.List, inlcopylist(n.List.Slice()))
+	setNodeSeq(&m.Rlist, inlcopylist(n.Rlist.Slice()))
+	setNodeSeq(&m.Ninit, inlcopylist(n.Ninit.Slice()))
 	m.Nbody.Set(inlcopylist(n.Nbody.Slice()))
 
 	return m
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ func inlconv2list(n *Node) []*Node {
 	return s
 }
 
-func inlnodelist(l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func inlnodelist(l Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		inlnode(it.P())
 	}
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ func newlabel_inl() *Node {
 // pristine ->inl body of the function while substituting references
 // to input/output parameters with ones to the tmpnames, and
 // substituting returns with assignments to the output.
-func inlsubstlist(ll nodesOrNodeList) []*Node {
+func inlsubstlist(ll Nodes) []*Node {
 	s := make([]*Node, 0, nodeSeqLen(ll))
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(ll); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		s = append(s, inlsubst(it.N()))
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ func inlsubst(n *Node) *Node {
 			appendNodeSeqNode(&m.Ninit, as)
 		}
 
-		typechecklist(m.Ninit, Etop)
+		typechecklist(m.Ninit.Slice(), Etop)
 		typecheck(&m, Etop)
 
 		//		dump("Return after substitution", m);
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ func inlsubst(n *Node) *Node {
 }
 
 // Plaster over linenumbers
-func setlnolist(ll nodesOrNodeList, lno int32) {
+func setlnolist(ll Nodes, lno int32) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(ll); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		setlno(it.N(), lno)
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/lex.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/lex.go
index 383e076c64..3a7807e37c 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/lex.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/lex.go
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ func Main() {
 			Curfn = l.N
 			decldepth = 1
 			saveerrors()
-			typechecklist(l.N.Nbody, Etop)
+			typechecklist(l.N.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 			checkreturn(l.N)
 			if nerrors != 0 {
 				l.N.Nbody.Set(nil) // type errors; do not compile
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/order.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/order.go
index 68b0c7f8b5..9484ab3af7 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/order.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/order.go
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ func cleantemp(top ordermarker, order *Order) {
 }
 
 // Orderstmtlist orders each of the statements in the list.
-func orderstmtlist(l nodesOrNodeList, order *Order) {
+func orderstmtlist(l Nodes, order *Order) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		orderstmt(it.N(), order)
 	}
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func orderstmtlist(l nodesOrNodeList, order *Order) {
 
 // Orderblock orders the block of statements l onto a new list,
 // and returns the ordered list.
-func orderblock(l nodesOrNodeList) []*Node {
+func orderblock(l Nodes) []*Node {
 	var order Order
 	mark := marktemp(&order)
 	orderstmtlist(l, &order)
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func orderblock(l nodesOrNodeList) []*Node {
 func orderblockNodes(n *Nodes) {
 	var order Order
 	mark := marktemp(&order)
-	orderstmtlist(n.Slice(), &order)
+	orderstmtlist(*n, &order)
 	cleantemp(mark, &order)
 	n.Set(order.out)
 }
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ func orderinit(n *Node, order *Order) {
 
 // Ismulticall reports whether the list l is f() for a multi-value function.
 // Such an f() could appear as the lone argument to a multi-arg function.
-func ismulticall(l nodesOrNodeList) bool {
+func ismulticall(l Nodes) bool {
 	// one arg only
 	if nodeSeqLen(l) != 1 {
 		return false
@@ -331,33 +331,34 @@ func ismulticall(l nodesOrNodeList) bool {
 
 // Copyret emits t1, t2, ... = n, where n is a function call,
 // and then returns the list t1, t2, ....
-func copyret(n *Node, order *Order) *NodeList {
+func copyret(n *Node, order *Order) Nodes {
 	if n.Type.Etype != TSTRUCT || !n.Type.Funarg {
 		Fatalf("copyret %v %d", n.Type, n.Left.Type.Outtuple)
 	}
 
-	var l1 *NodeList
-	var l2 *NodeList
+	var l1 []*Node
+	var l2 []*Node
 	var tl Iter
-	var tmp *Node
 	for t := Structfirst(&tl, &n.Type); t != nil; t = structnext(&tl) {
-		tmp = temp(t.Type)
-		l1 = list(l1, tmp)
-		l2 = list(l2, tmp)
+		tmp := temp(t.Type)
+		l1 = append(l1, tmp)
+		l2 = append(l2, tmp)
 	}
 
 	as := Nod(OAS2, nil, nil)
-	setNodeSeq(&as.List, l1)
-	setNodeSeq(&as.Rlist, list1(n))
+	as.List.Set(l1)
+	as.Rlist.Set([]*Node{n})
 	typecheck(&as, Etop)
 	orderstmt(as, order)
 
-	return l2
+	var r Nodes
+	r.Set(l2)
+	return r
 }
 
 // Ordercallargs orders the list of call arguments l and returns the
 // ordered list.
-func ordercallargs(l nodesOrNodeList, order *Order) nodesOrNodeList {
+func ordercallargs(l Nodes, order *Order) Nodes {
 	if ismulticall(l) {
 		// return f() where f() is multiple values.
 		return copyret(nodeSeqFirst(l), order)
@@ -969,7 +970,7 @@ func orderstmt(n *Node, order *Order) {
 }
 
 // Orderexprlist orders the expression list l into order.
-func orderexprlist(l nodesOrNodeList, order *Order) {
+func orderexprlist(l Nodes, order *Order) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		orderexpr(it.P(), order, nil)
 	}
@@ -977,7 +978,7 @@ func orderexprlist(l nodesOrNodeList, order *Order) {
 
 // Orderexprlist orders the expression list l but saves
 // the side effects on the individual expression ninit lists.
-func orderexprlistinplace(l nodesOrNodeList, order *Order) {
+func orderexprlistinplace(l Nodes, order *Order) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		orderexprinplace(it.P(), order)
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/parser.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/parser.go
index 15b121a0a8..9a5dfe946c 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/parser.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/parser.go
@@ -682,12 +682,12 @@ func (p *parser) labeled_stmt(label *Node) *Node {
 	}
 
 	label.Name.Defn = ls
-	l := list1(label)
+	l := []*Node{label}
 	if ls != nil {
 		if ls.Op == OBLOCK && nodeSeqLen(ls.Ninit) == 0 {
-			appendNodeSeq(&l, ls.List)
+			l = append(l, ls.List.Slice()...)
 		} else {
-			appendNodeSeqNode(&l, ls)
+			l = append(l, ls)
 		}
 	}
 	return liststmt(l)
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ func (p *parser) compound_stmt(else_clause bool) *Node {
 	if l == nil {
 		stmt = Nod(OEMPTY, nil, nil)
 	} else {
-		stmt = liststmt(l)
+		stmt = liststmt(nodeSeqSlice(l))
 	}
 	popdcl()
 
@@ -1983,7 +1983,7 @@ func (p *parser) hidden_fndcl() *Node {
 		s5 := p.ohidden_funres()
 
 		s := s1
-		t := functype(nil, s3, s5)
+		t := functype(nil, nodeSeqSlice(s3), nodeSeqSlice(s5))
 
 		importsym(s, ONAME)
 		if s.Def != nil && s.Def.Op == ONAME {
@@ -2013,7 +2013,7 @@ func (p *parser) hidden_fndcl() *Node {
 		s8 := p.ohidden_funres()
 
 		ss := methodname1(newname(s4), s2.N.Right)
-		ss.Type = functype(s2.N, s6, s8)
+		ss.Type = functype(s2.N, nodeSeqSlice(s6), nodeSeqSlice(s8))
 
 		checkwidth(ss.Type)
 		addmethod(s4, ss.Type, false, false)
@@ -2457,7 +2457,7 @@ func (p *parser) stmt() *Node {
 		return p.compound_stmt(false)
 
 	case LVAR, LCONST, LTYPE:
-		return liststmt(p.common_dcl())
+		return liststmt(nodeSeqSlice(p.common_dcl()))
 
 	case LNAME, '@', '?', LLITERAL, LFUNC, '(', // operands
 		'[', LSTRUCT, LMAP, LCHAN, LINTERFACE, // composite types
@@ -2973,7 +2973,7 @@ func (p *parser) hidden_type_misc() *Type {
 		s3 := p.ohidden_structdcl_list()
 		p.want('}')
 
-		return tostruct(s3)
+		return tostruct(nodeSeqSlice(s3))
 
 	case LINTERFACE:
 		// LINTERFACE '{' ohidden_interfacedcl_list '}'
@@ -2982,7 +2982,7 @@ func (p *parser) hidden_type_misc() *Type {
 		s3 := p.ohidden_interfacedcl_list()
 		p.want('}')
 
-		return tointerface(s3)
+		return tointerface(nodeSeqSlice(s3))
 
 	case '*':
 		// '*' hidden_type
@@ -3053,7 +3053,7 @@ func (p *parser) hidden_type_func() *Type {
 	p.want(')')
 	s5 := p.ohidden_funres()
 
-	return functype(nil, s3, s5)
+	return functype(nil, nodeSeqSlice(s3), nodeSeqSlice(s5))
 }
 
 func (p *parser) hidden_funarg() *Node {
@@ -3159,7 +3159,7 @@ func (p *parser) hidden_interfacedcl() *Node {
 	p.want(')')
 	s5 := p.ohidden_funres()
 
-	return Nod(ODCLFIELD, newname(s1), typenod(functype(fakethis(), s3, s5)))
+	return Nod(ODCLFIELD, newname(s1), typenod(functype(fakethis(), nodeSeqSlice(s3), nodeSeqSlice(s5))))
 }
 
 func (p *parser) ohidden_funres() *NodeList {
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/racewalk.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/racewalk.go
index f31e696a4d..ab08405f42 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/racewalk.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/racewalk.go
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ func instrument(fn *Node) {
 	}
 
 	if flag_race == 0 || !ispkgin(norace_inst_pkgs) {
-		instrumentlist(fn.Nbody.Slice(), nil)
+		instrumentlist(fn.Nbody, nil)
 
 		// nothing interesting for race detector in fn->enter
-		instrumentlist(fn.Func.Exit.Slice(), nil)
+		instrumentlist(fn.Func.Exit, nil)
 	}
 
 	if flag_race != 0 {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func instrument(fn *Node) {
 	}
 }
 
-func instrumentlist(l nodesOrNodeList, init *Nodes) {
+func instrumentlist(l Nodes, init *Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		var instr Nodes
 		instrumentnode(it.P(), &instr, 0, 0)
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ ret:
 	if n.Op != OBLOCK { // OBLOCK is handled above in a special way.
 		instrumentlist(n.List, init)
 	}
-	instrumentlist(n.Nbody.Slice(), nil)
+	instrumentlist(n.Nbody, nil)
 	instrumentlist(n.Rlist, nil)
 	*np = n
 }
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ func foreachnode(n *Node, f func(*Node, interface{}), c interface{}) {
 	}
 }
 
-func foreachlist(l nodesOrNodeList, f func(*Node, interface{}), c interface{}) {
+func foreachlist(l Nodes, f func(*Node, interface{}), c interface{}) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		foreachnode(it.N(), f, c)
 	}
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ func hascallspred(n *Node, c interface{}) {
 
 // appendinit is like addinit in subr.go
 // but appends rather than prepends.
-func appendinit(np **Node, init nodesOrNodeList) {
+func appendinit(np **Node, init Nodes) {
 	if nodeSeqLen(init) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/range.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/range.go
index 1e9c4d0651..a7cf888d9f 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/range.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/range.go
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ out:
 	}
 
 	decldepth++
-	typechecklist(n.Nbody, Etop)
+	typechecklist(n.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	decldepth--
 }
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func walkrange(n *Node) {
 	setNodeSeq(&n.List, nil)
 
 	var body []*Node
-	var init *NodeList
+	var init []*Node
 	switch t.Etype {
 	default:
 		Fatalf("walkrange")
@@ -178,13 +178,13 @@ func walkrange(n *Node) {
 		hn := temp(Types[TINT])
 		var hp *Node
 
-		init = list(init, Nod(OAS, hv1, nil))
-		init = list(init, Nod(OAS, hn, Nod(OLEN, ha, nil)))
+		init = append(init, Nod(OAS, hv1, nil))
+		init = append(init, Nod(OAS, hn, Nod(OLEN, ha, nil)))
 		if v2 != nil {
 			hp = temp(Ptrto(n.Type.Type))
 			tmp := Nod(OINDEX, ha, Nodintconst(0))
 			tmp.Bounded = true
-			init = list(init, Nod(OAS, hp, Nod(OADDR, tmp, nil)))
+			init = append(init, Nod(OAS, hp, Nod(OADDR, tmp, nil)))
 		}
 
 		n.Left = Nod(OLT, hv1, hn)
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func walkrange(n *Node) {
 		fn := syslook("mapiterinit")
 
 		substArgTypes(&fn, t.Down, t.Type, th)
-		init = list(init, mkcall1(fn, nil, nil, typename(t), ha, Nod(OADDR, hit, nil)))
+		init = append(init, mkcall1(fn, nil, nil, typename(t), ha, Nod(OADDR, hit, nil)))
 		n.Left = Nod(ONE, Nod(ODOT, hit, keyname), nodnil())
 
 		fn = syslook("mapiternext")
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func walkrange(n *Node) {
 		hv1 := temp(t.Type)
 		hv1.Typecheck = 1
 		if haspointers(t.Type) {
-			init = list(init, Nod(OAS, hv1, nil))
+			init = append(init, Nod(OAS, hv1, nil))
 		}
 		hb := temp(Types[TBOOL])
 
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ func walkrange(n *Node) {
 		ohv1 := temp(Types[TINT])
 
 		hv1 := temp(Types[TINT])
-		init = list(init, Nod(OAS, hv1, nil))
+		init = append(init, Nod(OAS, hv1, nil))
 
 		var a *Node
 		var hv2 *Node
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ func walkrange(n *Node) {
 	n.Op = OFOR
 	typechecklist(init, Etop)
 	appendNodeSeq(&n.Ninit, init)
-	typechecklist(n.Left.Ninit, Etop)
+	typechecklist(n.Left.Ninit.Slice(), Etop)
 	typecheck(&n.Left, Erv)
 	typecheck(&n.Right, Etop)
 	typecheckslice(body, Etop)
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ func memclrrange(n, v1, v2, a *Node) bool {
 	n.Nbody.Append(v1)
 
 	typecheck(&n.Left, Erv)
-	typechecklist(n.Nbody, Etop)
+	typechecklist(n.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	walkstmt(&n)
 	return true
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/reflect.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/reflect.go
index 1a436c322d..97c2c6a77f 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/reflect.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/reflect.go
@@ -237,11 +237,11 @@ func hiter(t *Type) *Type {
 // f is method type, with receiver.
 // return function type, receiver as first argument (or not).
 func methodfunc(f *Type, receiver *Type) *Type {
-	var in *NodeList
+	var in []*Node
 	if receiver != nil {
 		d := Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, nil)
 		d.Type = receiver
-		in = list(in, d)
+		in = append(in, d)
 	}
 
 	var d *Node
@@ -249,14 +249,14 @@ func methodfunc(f *Type, receiver *Type) *Type {
 		d = Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, nil)
 		d.Type = t.Type
 		d.Isddd = t.Isddd
-		in = list(in, d)
+		in = append(in, d)
 	}
 
-	var out *NodeList
+	var out []*Node
 	for t := getoutargx(f).Type; t != nil; t = t.Down {
 		d = Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, nil)
 		d.Type = t.Type
-		out = list(out, d)
+		out = append(out, d)
 	}
 
 	t := functype(nil, in, out)
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ func dumptypestructs() {
 		// The latter is the type of an auto-generated wrapper.
 		dtypesym(Ptrto(errortype))
 
-		dtypesym(functype(nil, list1(Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, typenod(errortype))), list1(Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, typenod(Types[TSTRING])))))
+		dtypesym(functype(nil, []*Node{Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, typenod(errortype))}, []*Node{Nod(ODCLFIELD, nil, typenod(Types[TSTRING]))}))
 
 		// add paths for runtime and main, which 6l imports implicitly.
 		dimportpath(Runtimepkg)
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/select.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/select.go
index 6cf3d444d0..16d7575cf4 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/select.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/select.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func typecheckselect(sel *Node) {
 	var def *Node
 	lno := setlineno(sel)
 	count := 0
-	typechecklist(sel.Ninit, Etop)
+	typechecklist(sel.Ninit.Slice(), Etop)
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(sel.List); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		count++
 		ncase = it.N()
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func typecheckselect(sel *Node) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		typechecklist(ncase.Nbody, Etop)
+		typechecklist(ncase.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	}
 
 	sel.Xoffset = int64(count)
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func walkselect(sel *Node) {
 			dflt = nodeSeqFirst(sel.List)
 		} else {
 			dflt = nodeSeqSecond(sel.List)
-			cas = nodeSeqFirst(sel.List)
+			cas = nodeSeqFirst(sel.List.Slice())
 		}
 
 		n := cas.Left
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/sinit.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/sinit.go
index f830557480..a0ec4cc807 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/sinit.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/sinit.go
@@ -212,13 +212,13 @@ func init2(n *Node, out *[]*Node) {
 	}
 }
 
-func init2list(l nodesOrNodeList, out *[]*Node) {
+func init2list(l Nodes, out *[]*Node) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		init2(it.N(), out)
 	}
 }
 
-func initreorder(l nodesOrNodeList, out *[]*Node) {
+func initreorder(l []*Node, out *[]*Node) {
 	var n *Node
 
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func initreorder(l nodesOrNodeList, out *[]*Node) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		initreorder(n.Ninit, out)
+		initreorder(n.Ninit.Slice(), out)
 		setNodeSeq(&n.Ninit, nil)
 		init1(n, out)
 	}
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func initreorder(l nodesOrNodeList, out *[]*Node) {
 // initfix computes initialization order for a list l of top-level
 // declarations and outputs the corresponding list of statements
 // to include in the init() function body.
-func initfix(l nodesOrNodeList) []*Node {
+func initfix(l []*Node) []*Node {
 	var lout []*Node
 	initplans = make(map[*Node]*InitPlan)
 	lno := lineno
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/ssa.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/ssa.go
index 317e02ebf7..220e266cca 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/ssa.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/ssa.go
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ func (s *state) stmts(a Nodes) {
 }
 
 // ssaStmtList converts the statement n to SSA and adds it to s.
-func (s *state) stmtList(l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func (s *state) stmtList(l Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		s.stmt(it.N())
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/subr.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/subr.go
index 9ba89955bb..6b85b3a375 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/subr.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/subr.go
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ func treecopy(n *Node, lineno int32) *Node {
 		m.Orig = m
 		m.Left = treecopy(n.Left, lineno)
 		m.Right = treecopy(n.Right, lineno)
-		setNodeSeq(&m.List, listtreecopy(n.List, lineno))
+		setNodeSeq(&m.List, listtreecopy(n.List.Slice(), lineno))
 		if lineno != 0 {
 			m.Lineno = lineno
 		}
@@ -2191,7 +2191,7 @@ func genwrapper(rcvr *Type, method *Type, newnam *Sym, iface int) {
 		fn.Func.Dupok = true
 	}
 	typecheck(&fn, Etop)
-	typechecklist(fn.Nbody, Etop)
+	typechecklist(fn.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 
 	inlcalls(fn)
 	escAnalyze([]*Node{fn}, false)
@@ -2353,7 +2353,7 @@ func Simsimtype(t *Type) EType {
 	return et
 }
 
-func listtreecopy(l nodesOrNodeList, lineno int32) []*Node {
+func listtreecopy(l []*Node, lineno int32) []*Node {
 	var out []*Node
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		out = append(out, treecopy(it.N(), lineno))
@@ -2361,7 +2361,7 @@ func listtreecopy(l nodesOrNodeList, lineno int32) []*Node {
 	return out
 }
 
-func liststmt(l nodesOrNodeList) *Node {
+func liststmt(l []*Node) *Node {
 	n := Nod(OBLOCK, nil, nil)
 	setNodeSeq(&n.List, l)
 	if nodeSeqLen(l) != 0 {
@@ -2695,7 +2695,7 @@ func mkpkg(path string) *Pkg {
 	return p
 }
 
-func addinit(np **Node, init nodesOrNodeList) {
+func addinit(np **Node, init []*Node) {
 	if nodeSeqLen(init) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/swt.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/swt.go
index d6b7c2c916..070f2cada1 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/swt.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/swt.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type caseClause struct {
 // typecheckswitch typechecks a switch statement.
 func typecheckswitch(n *Node) {
 	lno := lineno
-	typechecklist(n.Ninit, Etop)
+	typechecklist(n.Ninit.Slice(), Etop)
 
 	var nilonly string
 	var top int
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func typecheckswitch(n *Node) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		typechecklist(ncase.Nbody, Etop)
+		typechecklist(ncase.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	}
 
 	lineno = lno
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ func (s *exprSwitch) walk(sw *Node) {
 func (s *exprSwitch) walkCases(cc []*caseClause) *Node {
 	if len(cc) < binarySearchMin {
 		// linear search
-		var cas *NodeList
+		var cas []*Node
 		for _, c := range cc {
 			n := c.node
 			lno := setlineno(n)
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ func (s *exprSwitch) walkCases(cc []*caseClause) *Node {
 			}
 			a.Nbody.Set([]*Node{n.Right}) // goto l
 
-			cas = list(cas, a)
+			cas = append(cas, a)
 			lineno = lno
 		}
 		return liststmt(cas)
@@ -653,9 +653,9 @@ func (s *typeSwitch) walk(sw *Node) {
 		ncase := 0
 		for i := 0; i < run; i++ {
 			ncase++
-			hash := list1(cc[i].node.Right)
+			hash := []*Node{cc[i].node.Right}
 			for j := i + 1; j < run && cc[i].hash == cc[j].hash; j++ {
-				hash = list(hash, cc[j].node.Right)
+				hash = append(hash, cc[j].node.Right)
 			}
 			cc[i].node.Right = liststmt(hash)
 		}
@@ -678,16 +678,16 @@ func (s *typeSwitch) walk(sw *Node) {
 // case body if the variable is of type t.
 func (s *typeSwitch) typeone(t *Node) *Node {
 	var name *Node
-	var init *NodeList
+	var init []*Node
 	if nodeSeqLen(t.Rlist) == 0 {
 		name = nblank
 		typecheck(&nblank, Erv|Easgn)
 	} else {
 		name = nodeSeqFirst(t.Rlist)
-		init = list1(Nod(ODCL, name, nil))
+		init = []*Node{Nod(ODCL, name, nil)}
 		a := Nod(OAS, name, nil)
 		typecheck(&a, Etop)
-		init = list(init, a)
+		init = append(init, a)
 	}
 
 	a := Nod(OAS2, nil, nil)
@@ -696,19 +696,19 @@ func (s *typeSwitch) typeone(t *Node) *Node {
 	b.Type = t.Left.Type // interface.(type)
 	setNodeSeq(&a.Rlist, []*Node{b})
 	typecheck(&a, Etop)
-	init = list(init, a)
+	init = append(init, a)
 
 	c := Nod(OIF, nil, nil)
 	c.Left = s.okname
 	c.Nbody.Set([]*Node{t.Right}) // if ok { goto l }
 
-	return liststmt(list(init, c))
+	return liststmt(append(init, c))
 }
 
 // walkCases generates an AST implementing the cases in cc.
 func (s *typeSwitch) walkCases(cc []*caseClause) *Node {
 	if len(cc) < binarySearchMin {
-		var cas *NodeList
+		var cas []*Node
 		for _, c := range cc {
 			n := c.node
 			if c.typ != caseKindTypeConst {
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ func (s *typeSwitch) walkCases(cc []*caseClause) *Node {
 			a.Left = Nod(OEQ, s.hashname, Nodintconst(int64(c.hash)))
 			typecheck(&a.Left, Erv)
 			a.Nbody.Set([]*Node{n.Right})
-			cas = list(cas, a)
+			cas = append(cas, a)
 		}
 		return liststmt(cas)
 	}
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/typecheck.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/typecheck.go
index b05604e7f3..0b8502a764 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/typecheck.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/typecheck.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func resolve(n *Node) *Node {
 	return n
 }
 
-func typechecklist(l nodesOrNodeList, top int) {
+func typechecklist(l []*Node, top int) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		typecheck(it.P(), top)
 	}
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func callrecv(n *Node) bool {
 	return callrecv(n.Left) || callrecv(n.Right) || callrecvlist(n.Ninit) || callrecvlist(n.Nbody) || callrecvlist(n.List) || callrecvlist(n.Rlist)
 }
 
-func callrecvlist(l nodesOrNodeList) bool {
+func callrecvlist(l Nodes) bool {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		if callrecv(it.N()) {
 			return true
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 	case OTSTRUCT:
 		ok |= Etype
 		n.Op = OTYPE
-		n.Type = tostruct(n.List)
+		n.Type = tostruct(n.List.Slice())
 		if n.Type == nil || n.Type.Broke {
 			n.Type = nil
 			return
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 	case OTINTER:
 		ok |= Etype
 		n.Op = OTYPE
-		n.Type = tointerface(n.List)
+		n.Type = tointerface(n.List.Slice())
 		if n.Type == nil {
 			n.Type = nil
 			return
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 	case OTFUNC:
 		ok |= Etype
 		n.Op = OTYPE
-		n.Type = functype(n.Left, n.List, n.Rlist)
+		n.Type = functype(n.Left, n.List.Slice(), n.Rlist.Slice())
 		if n.Type == nil {
 			n.Type = nil
 			return
@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 			it := nodeSeqIterate(n.List)
 			typecheck(it.P(), Erv|Efnstruct)
 		} else {
-			typechecklist(n.List, Erv)
+			typechecklist(n.List.Slice(), Erv)
 		}
 		t := l.Type
 		if t == nil {
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 		var r *Node
 		var l *Node
 		if nodeSeqLen(n.List) == 1 {
-			typechecklist(n.List, Efnstruct)
+			typechecklist(n.List.Slice(), Efnstruct)
 			if nodeSeqFirst(n.List).Op != OCALLFUNC && nodeSeqFirst(n.List).Op != OCALLMETH {
 				Yyerror("invalid operation: complex expects two arguments")
 				n.Type = nil
@@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 		}
 
 		ok |= Etop
-		typechecklist(args, Erv)
+		typechecklist(args.Slice(), Erv)
 		l := nodeSeqFirst(args)
 		r := nodeSeqSecond(args)
 		if l.Type != nil && l.Type.Etype != TMAP {
@@ -1594,7 +1594,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 			it := nodeSeqIterate(args)
 			typecheck(it.P(), Erv|Efnstruct)
 		} else {
-			typechecklist(args, Erv)
+			typechecklist(args.Slice(), Erv)
 		}
 
 		t := nodeSeqFirst(args).Type
@@ -1921,7 +1921,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 
 	case OPRINT, OPRINTN:
 		ok |= Etop
-		typechecklist(n.List, Erv|Eindir) // Eindir: address does not escape
+		typechecklist(n.List.Slice(), Erv|Eindir) // Eindir: address does not escape
 		for it := nodeSeqIterate(n.List); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 			// Special case for print: int constant is int64, not int.
 			if Isconst(it.N(), CTINT) {
@@ -2063,7 +2063,7 @@ OpSwitch:
 
 	case OFOR:
 		ok |= Etop
-		typechecklist(n.Ninit, Etop)
+		typechecklist(n.Ninit.Slice(), Etop)
 		decldepth++
 		typecheck(&n.Left, Erv)
 		if n.Left != nil {
@@ -2073,13 +2073,13 @@ OpSwitch:
 			}
 		}
 		typecheck(&n.Right, Etop)
-		typechecklist(n.Nbody, Etop)
+		typechecklist(n.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 		decldepth--
 		break OpSwitch
 
 	case OIF:
 		ok |= Etop
-		typechecklist(n.Ninit, Etop)
+		typechecklist(n.Ninit.Slice(), Etop)
 		typecheck(&n.Left, Erv)
 		if n.Left != nil {
 			t := n.Left.Type
@@ -2087,16 +2087,16 @@ OpSwitch:
 				Yyerror("non-bool %v used as if condition", Nconv(n.Left, obj.FmtLong))
 			}
 		}
-		typechecklist(n.Nbody, Etop)
-		typechecklist(n.Rlist, Etop)
+		typechecklist(n.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
+		typechecklist(n.Rlist.Slice(), Etop)
 		break OpSwitch
 
 	case ORETURN:
 		ok |= Etop
 		if nodeSeqLen(n.List) == 1 {
-			typechecklist(n.List, Erv|Efnstruct)
+			typechecklist(n.List.Slice(), Erv|Efnstruct)
 		} else {
-			typechecklist(n.List, Erv)
+			typechecklist(n.List.Slice(), Erv)
 		}
 		if Curfn == nil {
 			Yyerror("return outside function")
@@ -2136,8 +2136,8 @@ OpSwitch:
 
 	case OXCASE:
 		ok |= Etop
-		typechecklist(n.List, Erv)
-		typechecklist(n.Nbody, Etop)
+		typechecklist(n.List.Slice(), Erv)
+		typechecklist(n.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 		break OpSwitch
 
 	case ODCLFUNC:
@@ -2575,7 +2575,7 @@ func lookdot(n *Node, t *Type, dostrcmp int) *Type {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func nokeys(l nodesOrNodeList) bool {
+func nokeys(l Nodes) bool {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		if it.N().Op == OKEY {
 			return false
@@ -2606,7 +2606,7 @@ func downcount(t *Type) int {
 }
 
 // typecheck assignment: type list = expression list
-func typecheckaste(op Op, call *Node, isddd bool, tstruct *Type, nl nodesOrNodeList, desc func() string) {
+func typecheckaste(op Op, call *Node, isddd bool, tstruct *Type, nl Nodes, desc func() string) {
 	var t *Type
 	var n *Node
 	var n1 int
@@ -3235,7 +3235,7 @@ func checkassign(stmt *Node, n *Node) {
 	Yyerror("cannot assign to %v", n)
 }
 
-func checkassignlist(stmt *Node, l nodesOrNodeList) {
+func checkassignlist(stmt *Node, l Nodes) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		checkassign(stmt, it.N())
 	}
@@ -3330,7 +3330,7 @@ func typecheckas2(n *Node) {
 		it := nodeSeqIterate(n.Rlist)
 		typecheck(it.P(), Erv|Efnstruct)
 	} else {
-		typechecklist(n.Rlist, Erv)
+		typechecklist(n.Rlist.Slice(), Erv)
 	}
 	checkassignlist(n, n.List)
 
@@ -3890,7 +3890,7 @@ func markbreak(n *Node, implicit *Node) {
 	}
 }
 
-func markbreaklist(l nodesOrNodeList, implicit *Node) {
+func markbreaklist(l Nodes, implicit *Node) {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		n := it.N()
 		if n.Op == OLABEL && it.Len() > 1 && n.Name.Defn == nodeSeqSlice(it.Seq())[1] {
diff --git a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/walk.go b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/walk.go
index 4e8b281d28..52d35ceb2b 100644
--- a/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/walk.go
+++ b/src/cmd/compile/internal/gc/walk.go
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func walkstmt(np **Node) {
 		init := n.Ninit
 		setNodeSeq(&n.Ninit, nil)
 		walkexpr(&n, &init)
-		addinit(&n, init)
+		addinit(&n, init.Slice())
 		if (*np).Op == OCOPY && n.Op == OCONVNOP {
 			n.Op = OEMPTY // don't leave plain values as statements.
 		}
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func walkstmt(np **Node) {
 		n = mkcall1(chanfn("chanrecv1", 2, n.Left.Type), nil, &init, typename(n.Left.Type), n.Left, nodnil())
 		walkexpr(&n, &init)
 
-		addinit(&n, init)
+		addinit(&n, init.Slice())
 
 	case OBREAK,
 		ODCL,
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func walkstmt(np **Node) {
 			init := n.Left.Ninit
 			setNodeSeq(&n.Left.Ninit, nil)
 			walkexpr(&n.Left, &init)
-			addinit(&n.Left, init)
+			addinit(&n.Left, init.Slice())
 		}
 
 		walkstmt(&n.Right)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ func walkstmt(np **Node) {
 			// move function calls out, to make reorder3's job easier.
 			walkexprlistsafe(n.List.Slice(), &n.Ninit)
 
-			ll := ascompatee(n.Op, rl, n.List, &n.Ninit)
+			ll := ascompatee(n.Op, rl, n.List.Slice(), &n.Ninit)
 			setNodeSeq(&n.List, reorder3(ll))
 			for it := nodeSeqIterate(n.List); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 				*it.P() = applywritebarrier(it.N())
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ func walkstmt(np **Node) {
 			break
 		}
 
-		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, nil, false, Getoutarg(Curfn.Type), n.List, 1, &n.Ninit)
+		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, nil, false, Getoutarg(Curfn.Type), n.List.Slice(), 1, &n.Ninit)
 		setNodeSeq(&n.List, ll)
 
 	case ORETJMP:
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ opswitch:
 		var ll Nodes
 
 		walkexpr(&n.Right, &ll)
-		addinit(&n.Right, ll)
+		addinit(&n.Right, ll.Slice())
 
 	case OPRINT, OPRINTN:
 		walkexprlist(n.List.Slice(), init)
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ opswitch:
 		}
 		walkexpr(&n.Left, init)
 		walkexprlist(n.List.Slice(), init)
-		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, n, n.Isddd, getinarg(t), n.List, 0, init)
+		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, n, n.Isddd, getinarg(t), n.List.Slice(), 0, init)
 		setNodeSeq(&n.List, reorder1(ll))
 
 	case OCALLFUNC:
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ opswitch:
 			}
 		}
 
-		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, n, n.Isddd, getinarg(t), n.List, 0, init)
+		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, n, n.Isddd, getinarg(t), n.List.Slice(), 0, init)
 		setNodeSeq(&n.List, reorder1(ll))
 
 	case OCALLMETH:
@@ -695,9 +695,9 @@ opswitch:
 		}
 		walkexpr(&n.Left, init)
 		walkexprlist(n.List.Slice(), init)
-		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, n, false, getthis(t), list1(n.Left.Left), 0, init)
-		lr := ascompatte(n.Op, n, n.Isddd, getinarg(t), n.List, 0, init)
-		ll = concat(ll, lr)
+		ll := ascompatte(n.Op, n, false, getthis(t), []*Node{n.Left.Left}, 0, init)
+		lr := ascompatte(n.Op, n, n.Isddd, getinarg(t), n.List.Slice(), 0, init)
+		ll = append(ll, lr...)
 		n.Left.Left = nil
 		ullmancalc(n.Left)
 		setNodeSeq(&n.List, reorder1(ll))
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ opswitch:
 		init.AppendNodes(&n.Ninit)
 		walkexprlistsafe(n.List.Slice(), init)
 		walkexprlistsafe(n.Rlist.Slice(), init)
-		ll := ascompatee(OAS, n.List, n.Rlist, init)
+		ll := ascompatee(OAS, n.List.Slice(), n.Rlist.Slice(), init)
 		ll = reorder3(ll)
 		for i, n := range ll {
 			ll[i] = applywritebarrier(n)
@@ -804,10 +804,10 @@ opswitch:
 		walkexpr(&r, init)
 
 		ll := ascompatet(n.Op, n.List, &r.Type, 0, init)
-		for lr := ll; lr != nil; lr = lr.Next {
-			lr.N = applywritebarrier(lr.N)
+		for i, n := range ll {
+			ll[i] = applywritebarrier(n)
 		}
-		n = liststmt(concat(list1(r), ll))
+		n = liststmt(append([]*Node{r}, ll...))
 
 		// x, y = <-c
 	// orderstmt made sure x is addressable.
@@ -1648,7 +1648,7 @@ func ascompatee1(op Op, l *Node, r *Node, init *Nodes) *Node {
 	return convas(n, init)
 }
 
-func ascompatee(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr nodesOrNodeList, init *Nodes) []*Node {
+func ascompatee(op Op, nl, nr []*Node, init *Nodes) []*Node {
 	// check assign expression list to
 	// a expression list. called in
 	//	expr-list = expr-list
@@ -1676,7 +1676,10 @@ func ascompatee(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr nodesOrNodeList, init *Nodes) []*N
 
 	// cannot happen: caller checked that lists had same length
 	if !nlit.Done() || !nrit.Done() {
-		Yyerror("error in shape across %v %v %v / %d %d [%s]", Hconv(nl, obj.FmtSign), Oconv(op, 0), Hconv(nr, obj.FmtSign), nodeSeqLen(nl), nodeSeqLen(nr), Curfn.Func.Nname.Sym.Name)
+		var nln, nrn Nodes
+		nln.Set(nl)
+		nrn.Set(nr)
+		Yyerror("error in shape across %v %v %v / %d %d [%s]", Hconv(nln, obj.FmtSign), Oconv(op, 0), Hconv(nrn, obj.FmtSign), nodeSeqLen(nl), nodeSeqLen(nr), Curfn.Func.Nname.Sym.Name)
 	}
 	return nn
 }
@@ -1699,7 +1702,7 @@ func fncall(l *Node, rt *Type) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-func ascompatet(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr **Type, fp int, init *Nodes) *NodeList {
+func ascompatet(op Op, nl Nodes, nr **Type, fp int, init *Nodes) []*Node {
 	var l *Node
 	var tmp *Node
 	var a *Node
@@ -1710,8 +1713,8 @@ func ascompatet(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr **Type, fp int, init *Nodes) *Node
 	//	expr-list = func()
 	r := Structfirst(&saver, nr)
 
-	var nn *NodeList
-	var mm *NodeList
+	var nn []*Node
+	var mm []*Node
 	ucount := 0
 	it := nodeSeqIterate(nl)
 	for ; !it.Done(); it.Next() {
@@ -1732,7 +1735,7 @@ func ascompatet(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr **Type, fp int, init *Nodes) *Node
 			typecheck(&tmp, Erv)
 			a = Nod(OAS, l, tmp)
 			a = convas(a, init)
-			mm = list(mm, a)
+			mm = append(mm, a)
 			l = tmp
 		}
 
@@ -1744,7 +1747,7 @@ func ascompatet(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr **Type, fp int, init *Nodes) *Node
 			ucount++
 		}
 
-		nn = list(nn, a)
+		nn = append(nn, a)
 		r = structnext(&saver)
 	}
 
@@ -1755,11 +1758,11 @@ func ascompatet(op Op, nl nodesOrNodeList, nr **Type, fp int, init *Nodes) *Node
 	if ucount != 0 {
 		Fatalf("ascompatet: too many function calls evaluating parameters")
 	}
-	return concat(nn, mm)
+	return append(nn, mm...)
 }
 
 // package all the arguments that match a ... T parameter into a []T.
-func mkdotargslice(lr0 nodesOrNodeList, nn *NodeList, l *Type, fp int, init *Nodes, ddd *Node) *NodeList {
+func mkdotargslice(lr0, nn []*Node, l *Type, fp int, init *Nodes, ddd *Node) []*Node {
 	esc := uint16(EscUnknown)
 	if ddd != nil {
 		esc = ddd.Esc
@@ -1788,7 +1791,7 @@ func mkdotargslice(lr0 nodesOrNodeList, nn *NodeList, l *Type, fp int, init *Nod
 	}
 
 	a := Nod(OAS, nodarg(l, fp), n)
-	nn = list(nn, convas(a, init))
+	nn = append(nn, convas(a, init))
 	return nn
 }
 
@@ -1814,7 +1817,7 @@ func dumptypes(nl **Type, what string) string {
 	return fmt_
 }
 
-func dumpnodetypes(l nodesOrNodeList, what string) string {
+func dumpnodetypes(l []*Node, what string) string {
 	var r *Node
 
 	fmt_ := ""
@@ -1840,7 +1843,7 @@ func dumpnodetypes(l nodesOrNodeList, what string) string {
 // a type list. called in
 //	return expr-list
 //	func(expr-list)
-func ascompatte(op Op, call *Node, isddd bool, nl **Type, lr nodesOrNodeList, fp int, init *Nodes) *NodeList {
+func ascompatte(op Op, call *Node, isddd bool, nl **Type, lr []*Node, fp int, init *Nodes) []*Node {
 	var savel Iter
 
 	lr0 := lr
@@ -1849,31 +1852,30 @@ func ascompatte(op Op, call *Node, isddd bool, nl **Type, lr nodesOrNodeList, fp
 	if nodeSeqLen(lr) > 0 {
 		r = nodeSeqFirst(lr)
 	}
-	var nn *NodeList
+	var nn []*Node
 
 	// f(g()) where g has multiple return values
 	var a *Node
 	var l2 string
 	var ll *Type
 	var l1 string
-	var lrit nodeSeqIterator
 	if r != nil && nodeSeqLen(lr) <= 1 && r.Type.Etype == TSTRUCT && r.Type.Funarg {
 		// optimization - can do block copy
 		if eqtypenoname(r.Type, *nl) {
 			a := nodarg(*nl, fp)
 			r = Nod(OCONVNOP, r, nil)
 			r.Type = a.Type
-			nn = list1(convas(Nod(OAS, a, r), init))
+			nn = []*Node{convas(Nod(OAS, a, r), init)}
 			goto ret
 		}
 
 		// conversions involved.
 		// copy into temporaries.
-		var alist *NodeList
+		var alist []*Node
 
 		for l := Structfirst(&savel, &r.Type); l != nil; l = structnext(&savel) {
 			a = temp(l.Type)
-			alist = list(alist, a)
+			alist = append(alist, a)
 		}
 
 		a = Nod(OAS2, nil, nil)
@@ -1887,7 +1889,6 @@ func ascompatte(op Op, call *Node, isddd bool, nl **Type, lr nodesOrNodeList, fp
 		l = Structfirst(&savel, nl)
 	}
 
-	lrit = nodeSeqIterate(lr)
 loop:
 	if l != nil && l.Isddd {
 		// the ddd parameter must be last
@@ -1901,17 +1902,17 @@ loop:
 		// only if we are assigning a single ddd
 		// argument to a ddd parameter then it is
 		// passed thru unencapsulated
-		if r != nil && lrit.Len() <= 1 && isddd && Eqtype(l.Type, r.Type) {
+		if r != nil && len(lr) <= 1 && isddd && Eqtype(l.Type, r.Type) {
 			a = Nod(OAS, nodarg(l, fp), r)
 			a = convas(a, init)
-			nn = list(nn, a)
+			nn = append(nn, a)
 			goto ret
 		}
 
 		// normal case -- make a slice of all
 		// remaining arguments and pass it to
 		// the ddd parameter.
-		nn = mkdotargslice(lrit.Seq(), nn, l, fp, init, call.Right)
+		nn = mkdotargslice(lr, nn, l, fp, init, call.Right)
 
 		goto ret
 	}
@@ -1932,19 +1933,19 @@ loop:
 
 	a = Nod(OAS, nodarg(l, fp), r)
 	a = convas(a, init)
-	nn = list(nn, a)
+	nn = append(nn, a)
 
 	l = structnext(&savel)
 	r = nil
-	lrit.Next()
-	if !lrit.Done() {
-		r = lrit.N()
+	lr = lr[1:]
+	if len(lr) > 0 {
+		r = lr[0]
 	}
 	goto loop
 
 ret:
-	for lrit = nodeSeqIterate(nn); !lrit.Done(); lrit.Next() {
-		lrit.N().Typecheck = 1
+	for _, n := range nn {
+		n.Typecheck = 1
 	}
 	return nn
 }
@@ -2250,14 +2251,11 @@ out:
 // if there is exactly one function expr,
 // then it is done first. otherwise must
 // make temp variables
-func reorder1(all *NodeList) *NodeList {
-	var n *Node
-
+func reorder1(all []*Node) []*Node {
 	c := 0 // function calls
 	t := 0 // total parameters
 
-	for l := all; l != nil; l = l.Next {
-		n = l.N
+	for _, n := range all {
 		t++
 		ullmancalc(n)
 		if n.Ullman >= UINF {
@@ -2269,15 +2267,14 @@ func reorder1(all *NodeList) *NodeList {
 		return all
 	}
 
-	var g *NodeList // fncalls assigned to tempnames
-	var f *Node     // last fncall assigned to stack
-	var r *NodeList // non fncalls and tempnames assigned to stack
+	var g []*Node // fncalls assigned to tempnames
+	var f *Node   // last fncall assigned to stack
+	var r []*Node // non fncalls and tempnames assigned to stack
 	d := 0
 	var a *Node
-	for l := all; l != nil; l = l.Next {
-		n = l.N
+	for _, n := range all {
 		if n.Ullman < UINF {
-			r = list(r, n)
+			r = append(r, n)
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -2291,19 +2288,19 @@ func reorder1(all *NodeList) *NodeList {
 		a = temp(n.Right.Type)
 
 		a = Nod(OAS, a, n.Right)
-		g = list(g, a)
+		g = append(g, a)
 
 		// put normal arg assignment on list
 		// with fncall replaced by tempname
 		n.Right = a.Left
 
-		r = list(r, n)
+		r = append(r, n)
 	}
 
 	if f != nil {
-		g = list(g, f)
+		g = append(g, f)
 	}
-	return concat(g, r)
+	return append(g, r...)
 }
 
 // from ascompat[ee]
@@ -3850,7 +3847,7 @@ func usefield(n *Node) {
 	Curfn.Func.Fieldtrack = append(Curfn.Func.Fieldtrack, field)
 }
 
-func candiscardlist(l nodesOrNodeList) bool {
+func candiscardlist(l Nodes) bool {
 	for it := nodeSeqIterate(l); !it.Done(); it.Next() {
 		if !candiscard(it.N()) {
 			return false
@@ -4005,7 +4002,7 @@ func walkprintfunc(np **Node, init *Nodes) {
 	funcbody(fn)
 
 	typecheck(&fn, Etop)
-	typechecklist(fn.Nbody, Etop)
+	typechecklist(fn.Nbody.Slice(), Etop)
 	xtop = list(xtop, fn)
 	Curfn = oldfn