diff --git a/src/cmd/6g/align.c b/src/cmd/6g/align.c
index 5f8f8d35c92..209ac324fae 100644
--- a/src/cmd/6g/align.c
+++ b/src/cmd/6g/align.c
@@ -30,7 +30,5 @@ betypeinit(void)
 	zprog.from.scale = 0;
 	zprog.to = zprog.from;
 
-	symstringo = lookup(".stringo");	// strings
-
 	listinit();
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd/6g/gen.c b/src/cmd/6g/gen.c
index bf7c32d55b4..8e047b8d039 100644
--- a/src/cmd/6g/gen.c
+++ b/src/cmd/6g/gen.c
@@ -8,17 +8,6 @@
 #include "gg.h"
 #include "opt.h"
 
-static Node*
-sysfunc(char *name)
-{
-	Node *n;
-
-	n = newname(pkglookup(name, "sys"));
-	n->class = PFUNC;
-	return n;
-}
-
-
 void
 compile(Node *fn)
 {
@@ -29,16 +18,13 @@ compile(Node *fn)
 	Type *t;
 	Iter save;
 
-	if(newproc == N)
+	if(newproc == N) {
 		newproc = sysfunc("newproc");
-	if(deferproc == N)
 		deferproc = sysfunc("deferproc");
-	if(deferreturn == N)
 		deferreturn = sysfunc("deferreturn");
-	if(throwindex == N)
 		throwindex = sysfunc("throwindex");
-	if(throwreturn == N)
 		throwreturn = sysfunc("throwreturn");
+	}
 
 	if(fn->nbody == N)
 		return;
@@ -110,297 +96,6 @@ ret:
 	lineno = lno;
 }
 
-void
-allocparams(void)
-{
-	Dcl *d;
-	Node *n;
-	uint32 w;
-
-	/*
-	 * allocate (set xoffset) the stack
-	 * slots for all automatics.
-	 * allocated starting at -w down.
-	 */
-	for(d=autodcl; d!=D; d=d->forw) {
-		if(d->op != ONAME)
-			continue;
-
-		n = d->dnode;
-		if(n->class != PAUTO)
-			continue;
-
-		dowidth(n->type);
-		w = n->type->width;
-		if(n->class & PHEAP)
-			w = widthptr;
-		stksize += w;
-		stksize = rnd(stksize, w);
-
-		n->xoffset = -stksize;
-	}
-}
-
-void
-newlab(int op, Sym *s)
-{
-	Label *lab;
-
-	lab = mal(sizeof(*lab));
-	lab->link = labellist;
-	labellist = lab;
-
-	lab->sym = s;
-	lab->op = op;
-	lab->label = pc;
-}
-
-/*
- * compile statements
- */
-void
-gen(Node *n)
-{
-	int32 lno;
-	Prog *scontin, *sbreak;
-	Prog *p1, *p2, *p3;
-	Label *lab;
-
-	lno = setlineno(n);
-
-loop:
-	if(n == N)
-		goto ret;
-
-	p3 = pc;	// save pc for loop labels
-	if(n->ninit)
-		gen(n->ninit);
-
-	setlineno(n);
-
-	switch(n->op) {
-	default:
-		fatal("gen: unknown op %N", n);
-		break;
-
-	case OLIST:
-		gen(n->left);
-		n = n->right;
-		goto loop;
-
-	case OCASE:
-	case OFALL:
-	case OXCASE:
-	case OXFALL:
-	case OEMPTY:
-		break;
-
-	case OLABEL:
-		newlab(OLABEL, n->left->sym);
-		break;
-
-	case OGOTO:
-		newlab(OGOTO, n->left->sym);
-		gbranch(AJMP, T);
-		break;
-
-	case OBREAK:
-		if(n->left != N) {
-			for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
-				if(lab->breakpc != P) {
-					patch(gbranch(AJMP, T), lab->breakpc);
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			if(lab == L)
-				yyerror("break label not defined: %S", n->left->sym);
-			break;
-		}
-		if(breakpc == P) {
-			yyerror("break is not in a loop");
-			break;
-		}
-		patch(gbranch(AJMP, T), breakpc);
-		break;
-
-	case OCONTINUE:
-		if(n->left != N) {
-			for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
-				if(lab->continpc != P) {
-					patch(gbranch(AJMP, T), lab->continpc);
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			if(lab == L)
-				yyerror("break label not defined: %S", n->left->sym);
-			break;
-		}
-
-		if(continpc == P) {
-			yyerror("gen: continue is not in a loop");
-			break;
-		}
-		patch(gbranch(AJMP, T), continpc);
-		break;
-
-	case OFOR:
-		sbreak = breakpc;
-		p1 = gbranch(AJMP, T);			// 		goto test
-		breakpc = gbranch(AJMP, T);		// break:	goto done
-		scontin = continpc;
-		continpc = pc;
-
-		// define break and cotinue labels
-		for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
-			if(lab->label != p3)
-				break;
-			if(lab->op == OLABEL) {
-				lab->breakpc = breakpc;
-				lab->continpc = continpc;
-			}
-		}
-
-		gen(n->nincr);				// contin:	incr
-		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
-		if(n->ntest != N)
-			if(n->ntest->ninit != N)
-				gen(n->ntest->ninit);
-		bgen(n->ntest, 0, breakpc);		//		if(!test) goto break
-		gen(n->nbody);				//		body
-		patch(gbranch(AJMP, T), continpc);	//		goto contin
-		patch(breakpc, pc);			// done:
-		continpc = scontin;
-		breakpc = sbreak;
-		break;
-
-	case OIF:
-		p1 = gbranch(AJMP, T);			//		goto test
-		p2 = gbranch(AJMP, T);			// p2:		goto else
-		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
-		if(n->ntest != N)
-			if(n->ntest->ninit != N)
-				gen(n->ntest->ninit);
-		bgen(n->ntest, 0, p2);			// 		if(!test) goto p2
-		gen(n->nbody);				//		then
-		p3 = gbranch(AJMP, T);			//		goto done
-		patch(p2, pc);				// else:
-		gen(n->nelse);				//		else
-		patch(p3, pc);				// done:
-		break;
-
-	case OSWITCH:
-		sbreak = breakpc;
-		p1 = gbranch(AJMP, T);			// 		goto test
-		breakpc = gbranch(AJMP, T);		// break:	goto done
-
-		// define break label
-		for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
-			if(lab->label != p3)
-				break;
-			if(lab->op == OLABEL) {
-				lab->breakpc = breakpc;
-			}
-		}
-
-		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
-		gen(n->nbody);				//		switch(test) body
-		patch(breakpc, pc);			// done:
-		breakpc = sbreak;
-		break;
-
-	case OSELECT:
-		sbreak = breakpc;
-		p1 = gbranch(AJMP, T);			// 		goto test
-		breakpc = gbranch(AJMP, T);		// break:	goto done
-
-		// define break label
-		for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
-			if(lab->label != p3)
-				break;
-			if(lab->op == OLABEL) {
-				lab->breakpc = breakpc;
-			}
-		}
-
-		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
-		gen(n->nbody);				//		select() body
-		patch(breakpc, pc);			// done:
-		breakpc = sbreak;
-		break;
-
-	case OASOP:
-		cgen_asop(n);
-		break;
-
-	case ODCL:
-		cgen_dcl(n->left);
-		break;
-
-	case OAS:
-		cgen_as(n->left, n->right);
-		break;
-
-	case OCALLMETH:
-		cgen_callmeth(n, 0);
-		break;
-
-	case OCALLINTER:
-		cgen_callinter(n, N, 0);
-		break;
-
-	case OCALL:
-		cgen_call(n, 0);
-		break;
-
-	case OPROC:
-		cgen_proc(n, 1);
-		break;
-
-	case ODEFER:
-		cgen_proc(n, 2);
-		break;
-
-	case ORETURN:
-		cgen_ret(n);
-		break;
-	}
-
-ret:
-	lineno = lno;
-}
-
-/*
- * compute total size of f's in/out arguments.
- */
-int
-argsize(Type *t)
-{
-	Iter save;
-	Type *fp;
-	int w, x;
-
-	w = 0;
-
-	fp = structfirst(&save, getoutarg(t));
-	while(fp != T) {
-		x = fp->width + fp->type->width;
-		if(x > w)
-			w = x;
-		fp = structnext(&save);
-	}
-
-	fp = funcfirst(&save, t);
-	while(fp != T) {
-		x = fp->width + fp->type->width;
-		if(x > w)
-			w = x;
-		fp = funcnext(&save);
-	}
-
-	w = (w+7) & ~7;
-	return w;
-}
-
 /*
  * generate:
  *	call f
@@ -494,33 +189,6 @@ cgen_callinter(Node *n, Node *res, int proc)
 	setmaxarg(n->left->type);
 }
 
-/*
- * generate call to non-interface method
- *	proc=0	normal call
- *	proc=1	goroutine run in new proc
- *	proc=2	defer call save away stack
- */
-void
-cgen_callmeth(Node *n, int proc)
-{
-	Node *l;
-
-	// generate a rewrite for method call
-	// (p.f)(...) goes to (f)(p,...)
-
-	l = n->left;
-	if(l->op != ODOTMETH)
-		fatal("cgen_callmeth: not dotmethod: %N");
-
-	n->op = OCALL;
-	n->left = n->left->right;
-	n->left->type = l->type;
-
-	if(n->left->op == ONAME)
-		n->left->class = PFUNC;
-	cgen_call(n, proc);
-}
-
 /*
  * generate function call;
  *	proc=0	normal call
@@ -577,31 +245,6 @@ ret:
 	;
 }
 
-/*
- * generate code to start new proc running call n.
- */
-void
-cgen_proc(Node *n, int proc)
-{
-	switch(n->left->op) {
-	default:
-		fatal("cgen_proc: unknown call %O", n->left->op);
-
-	case OCALLMETH:
-		cgen_callmeth(n->left, proc);
-		break;
-
-	case OCALLINTER:
-		cgen_callinter(n->left, N, proc);
-		break;
-
-	case OCALL:
-		cgen_call(n->left, proc);
-		break;
-	}
-
-}
-
 /*
  * call to n has already been generated.
  * generate:
@@ -807,152 +450,6 @@ ret:
 	;
 }
 
-/*
- * generate declaration.
- * nothing to do for on-stack automatics,
- * but might have to allocate heap copy
- * for escaped variables.
- */
-void
-cgen_dcl(Node *n)
-{
-	if(debug['g'])
-		dump("\ncgen-dcl", n);
-	if(n->op != ONAME) {
-		dump("cgen_dcl", n);
-		fatal("cgen_dcl");
-	}
-	if(!(n->class & PHEAP))
-		return;
-	cgen_as(n->heapaddr, n->alloc);
-}
-
-/*
- * generate assignment:
- *	nl = nr
- * nr == N means zero nl.
- */
-void
-cgen_as(Node *nl, Node *nr)
-{
-	Node nc, n1;
-	Type *tl;
-	uint32 w, c, q;
-	int iszer;
-
-	if(nl == N)
-		return;
-
-	if(debug['g']) {
-		dump("cgen_as", nl);
-		dump("cgen_as = ", nr);
-	}
-
-	iszer = 0;
-	if(nr == N || isnil(nr)) {
-		if(nl->op == OLIST) {
-			cgen_as(nl->left, nr);
-			cgen_as(nl->right, nr);
-			return;
-		}
-		tl = nl->type;
-		if(tl == T)
-			return;
-		if(isfat(tl)) {
-			/* clear a fat object */
-			if(debug['g'])
-				dump("\nclearfat", nl);
-
-			w = nl->type->width;
-			c = w % 8;	// bytes
-			q = w / 8;	// quads
-
-			gconreg(AMOVQ, 0, D_AX);
-			nodreg(&n1, types[tptr], D_DI);
-			agen(nl, &n1);
-
-			if(q >= 4) {
-				gconreg(AMOVQ, q, D_CX);
-				gins(AREP, N, N);	// repeat
-				gins(ASTOSQ, N, N);	// STOQ AL,*(DI)+
-			} else
-			while(q > 0) {
-				gins(ASTOSQ, N, N);	// STOQ AL,*(DI)+
-				q--;
-			}
-
-			if(c >= 4) {
-				gconreg(AMOVQ, c, D_CX);
-				gins(AREP, N, N);	// repeat
-				gins(ASTOSB, N, N);	// STOB AL,*(DI)+
-			} else
-			while(c > 0) {
-				gins(ASTOSB, N, N);	// STOB AL,*(DI)+
-				c--;
-			}
-			goto ret;
-		}
-
-		/* invent a "zero" for the rhs */
-		iszer = 1;
-		nr = &nc;
-		memset(nr, 0, sizeof(*nr));
-		switch(simtype[tl->etype]) {
-		default:
-			fatal("cgen_as: tl %T", tl);
-			break;
-
-		case TINT8:
-		case TUINT8:
-		case TINT16:
-		case TUINT16:
-		case TINT32:
-		case TUINT32:
-		case TINT64:
-		case TUINT64:
-			nr->val.u.xval = mal(sizeof(*nr->val.u.xval));
-			mpmovecfix(nr->val.u.xval, 0);
-			nr->val.ctype = CTINT;
-			break;
-
-		case TFLOAT32:
-		case TFLOAT64:
-		case TFLOAT80:
-			nr->val.u.fval = mal(sizeof(*nr->val.u.fval));
-			mpmovecflt(nr->val.u.fval, 0.0);
-			nr->val.ctype = CTFLT;
-			break;
-
-		case TBOOL:
-			nr->val.u.bval = 0;
-			nr->val.ctype = CTBOOL;
-			break;
-
-		case TPTR32:
-		case TPTR64:
-			nr->val.ctype = CTNIL;
-			break;
-
-		}
-		nr->op = OLITERAL;
-		nr->type = tl;
-		nr->addable = 1;
-		ullmancalc(nr);
-	}
-
-	tl = nl->type;
-	if(tl == T)
-		return;
-
-	cgen(nr, nl);
-	if(iszer && nl->addable)
-		gins(ANOP, nl, N);	// used
-
-
-ret:
-	;
-}
-
 int
 samereg(Node *a, Node *b)
 {
@@ -1156,61 +653,40 @@ cgen_bmul(int op, Node *nl, Node *nr, Node *res)
 }
 
 void
-checklabels(void)
+clearfat(Node *nl)
 {
-	Label *l, *m;
-	Sym *s;
+	uint32 w, c, q;
+	Node n1;
 
-//	// print the label list
-//	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link) {
-//		print("lab %O %S\n", l->op, l->sym);
-//	}
+	/* clear a fat object */
+	if(debug['g'])
+		dump("\nclearfat", nl);
 
-	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link) {
-	switch(l->op) {
-		case OFOR:
-		case OLABEL:
-			// these are definitions -
-			s = l->sym;
-			for(m=labellist; m!=L; m=m->link) {
-				if(m->sym != s)
-					continue;
-				switch(m->op) {
-				case OFOR:
-				case OLABEL:
-					// these are definitions -
-					// look for redefinitions
-					if(l != m)
-						yyerror("label %S redefined", s);
-					break;
-				case OGOTO:
-					// these are references -
-					// patch to definition
-					patch(m->label, l->label);
-					m->sym = S;	// mark done
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	w = nl->type->width;
+	c = w % 8;	// bytes
+	q = w / 8;	// quads
+
+	gconreg(AMOVQ, 0, D_AX);
+	nodreg(&n1, types[tptr], D_DI);
+	agen(nl, &n1);
+
+	if(q >= 4) {
+		gconreg(AMOVQ, q, D_CX);
+		gins(AREP, N, N);	// repeat
+		gins(ASTOSQ, N, N);	// STOQ AL,*(DI)+
+	} else
+	while(q > 0) {
+		gins(ASTOSQ, N, N);	// STOQ AL,*(DI)+
+		q--;
 	}
 
-	// diagnostic for all undefined references
-	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link)
-		if(l->op == OGOTO && l->sym != S)
-			yyerror("label %S not defined", l->sym);
-}
-
-Label*
-findlab(Sym *s)
-{
-	Label *l;
-
-	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link) {
-		if(l->sym != s)
-			continue;
-		if(l->op != OFOR)
-			continue;
-		return l;
+	if(c >= 4) {
+		gconreg(AMOVQ, c, D_CX);
+		gins(AREP, N, N);	// repeat
+		gins(ASTOSB, N, N);	// STOB AL,*(DI)+
+	} else
+	while(c > 0) {
+		gins(ASTOSB, N, N);	// STOB AL,*(DI)+
+		c--;
 	}
-	return L;
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd/6g/gg.h b/src/cmd/6g/gg.h
index 8ba4028db89..af1e2c2ccca 100644
--- a/src/cmd/6g/gg.h
+++ b/src/cmd/6g/gg.h
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #define EXTERN	extern
 #endif
 
-typedef	struct	Prog	Prog;
 typedef	struct	Addr	Addr;
 
 struct	Addr
@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@ struct	Prog
 	Prog*	link;		// next instruction in this func
 	void*	reg;		// pointer to containing Reg struct
 };
-#define	P	((Prog*)0)
 
 typedef	struct	Plist	Plist;
 struct	Plist
@@ -53,22 +51,6 @@ struct	Plist
 	Plist*	link;
 };
 
-typedef	struct	Label Label;
-struct	Label
-{
-	uchar	op;		// OGOTO/OLABEL
-	Sym*	sym;
-	Prog*	label;		// pointer to code
-	Prog*	breakpc;	// pointer to code
-	Prog*	continpc;	// pointer to code
-	Label*	link;
-};
-#define	L	((Label*)0)
-
-EXTERN	Prog*	continpc;
-EXTERN	Prog*	breakpc;
-EXTERN	Prog*	pc;
-EXTERN	Prog*	firstpc;
 EXTERN	Plist*	plist;
 EXTERN	Plist*	plast;
 EXTERN	Biobuf*	bout;
@@ -79,8 +61,6 @@ EXTERN	String	emptystring;
 extern	char*	anames[];
 EXTERN	Hist*	hist;
 EXTERN	Prog	zprog;
-EXTERN	Label*	labellist;
-EXTERN	Label*	findlab(Sym*);
 EXTERN	Node*	curfn;
 EXTERN	Node*	newproc;
 EXTERN	Node*	deferproc;
@@ -96,9 +76,6 @@ void	proglist(void);
 void	gen(Node*);
 Node*	lookdot(Node*, Node*, int);
 void	cgen_as(Node*, Node*);
-void	cgen_asop(Node*);
-void	cgen_ret(Node*);
-void	cgen_call(Node*, int);
 void	cgen_callmeth(Node*, int);
 void	cgen_callinter(Node*, Node*, int);
 void	cgen_proc(Node*, int);
@@ -116,7 +93,6 @@ void	ginscall(Node*, int);
 /*
  * cgen
  */
-void	cgen(Node*, Node*);
 void	agen(Node*, Node*);
 void	igen(Node*, Node*, Node*);
 vlong	fieldoffset(Type*, Node*);
@@ -134,7 +110,6 @@ void	cgen_aret(Node*, Node*);
 void	clearp(Prog*);
 void	proglist(void);
 Prog*	gbranch(int, Type*);
-void	patch(Prog*, Prog*);
 Prog*	prog(int);
 void	gaddoffset(Node*);
 void	gconv(int, int);
diff --git a/src/cmd/6g/gsubr.c b/src/cmd/6g/gsubr.c
index 6ce9ade350b..ab4979a34b0 100644
--- a/src/cmd/6g/gsubr.c
+++ b/src/cmd/6g/gsubr.c
@@ -1927,3 +1927,21 @@ no:
 	sudoclean();
 	return 0;
 }
+
+void
+gused(Node *n)
+{
+	gins(ANOP, n, N);	// used
+}
+
+Prog*
+gjmp(Prog *to)
+{
+	Prog *p;
+	
+	p = gbranch(AJMP, T);
+	if(to != P)
+		patch(p, to);
+	return p;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/cmd/gc/Makefile b/src/cmd/gc/Makefile
index 23fe2a6d7ee..2f79f31cbb8 100644
--- a/src/cmd/gc/Makefile
+++ b/src/cmd/gc/Makefile
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ OFILES=\
 	compat.$O\
 	bits.$O\
 	align.$O\
+	gen.$O\
 
 $(LIB): $(OFILES)
 	ar rsc $(LIB) $(OFILES)
diff --git a/src/cmd/gc/align.c b/src/cmd/gc/align.c
index 7c39c646c00..7c2960277e3 100644
--- a/src/cmd/gc/align.c
+++ b/src/cmd/gc/align.c
@@ -349,3 +349,35 @@ typeinit(int lex)
 	Array_cap = rnd(Array_nel+types[TUINT32]->width, types[TUINT32]->width);
 	sizeof_Array = rnd(Array_cap+types[TUINT32]->width, maxround);
 }
+
+/*
+ * compute total size of f's in/out arguments.
+ */
+int
+argsize(Type *t)
+{
+	Iter save;
+	Type *fp;
+	int w, x;
+
+	w = 0;
+
+	fp = structfirst(&save, getoutarg(t));
+	while(fp != T) {
+		x = fp->width + fp->type->width;
+		if(x > w)
+			w = x;
+		fp = structnext(&save);
+	}
+
+	fp = funcfirst(&save, t);
+	while(fp != T) {
+		x = fp->width + fp->type->width;
+		if(x > w)
+			w = x;
+		fp = funcnext(&save);
+	}
+
+	w = (w+7) & ~7;
+	return w;
+}
diff --git a/src/cmd/gc/gen.c b/src/cmd/gc/gen.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..410c1a51940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cmd/gc/gen.c
@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+/*
+ * portable half of code generator.
+ * mainly statements and control flow.
+ */
+
+#include "go.h"
+
+Node*
+sysfunc(char *name)
+{
+	Node *n;
+
+	n = newname(pkglookup(name, "sys"));
+	n->class = PFUNC;
+	return n;
+}
+
+void
+allocparams(void)
+{
+	Dcl *d;
+	Node *n;
+	uint32 w;
+
+	/*
+	 * allocate (set xoffset) the stack
+	 * slots for all automatics.
+	 * allocated starting at -w down.
+	 */
+	for(d=autodcl; d!=D; d=d->forw) {
+		if(d->op != ONAME)
+			continue;
+
+		n = d->dnode;
+		if(n->class != PAUTO)
+			continue;
+
+		dowidth(n->type);
+		w = n->type->width;
+		if(n->class & PHEAP)
+			w = widthptr;
+		stksize += w;
+		stksize = rnd(stksize, w);
+
+		n->xoffset = -stksize;
+	}
+}
+
+void
+newlab(int op, Sym *s)
+{
+	Label *lab;
+
+	lab = mal(sizeof(*lab));
+	lab->link = labellist;
+	labellist = lab;
+
+	lab->sym = s;
+	lab->op = op;
+	lab->label = pc;
+}
+
+void
+checklabels(void)
+{
+	Label *l, *m;
+	Sym *s;
+
+//	// print the label list
+//	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link) {
+//		print("lab %O %S\n", l->op, l->sym);
+//	}
+
+	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link) {
+	switch(l->op) {
+		case OFOR:
+		case OLABEL:
+			// these are definitions -
+			s = l->sym;
+			for(m=labellist; m!=L; m=m->link) {
+				if(m->sym != s)
+					continue;
+				switch(m->op) {
+				case OFOR:
+				case OLABEL:
+					// these are definitions -
+					// look for redefinitions
+					if(l != m)
+						yyerror("label %S redefined", s);
+					break;
+				case OGOTO:
+					// these are references -
+					// patch to definition
+					patch(m->label, l->label);
+					m->sym = S;	// mark done
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// diagnostic for all undefined references
+	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link)
+		if(l->op == OGOTO && l->sym != S)
+			yyerror("label %S not defined", l->sym);
+}
+
+Label*
+findlab(Sym *s)
+{
+	Label *l;
+
+	for(l=labellist; l!=L; l=l->link) {
+		if(l->sym != s)
+			continue;
+		if(l->op != OFOR)
+			continue;
+		return l;
+	}
+	return L;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile statements
+ */
+void
+gen(Node *n)
+{
+	int32 lno;
+	Prog *scontin, *sbreak;
+	Prog *p1, *p2, *p3;
+	Label *lab;
+
+	lno = setlineno(n);
+
+loop:
+	if(n == N)
+		goto ret;
+
+	p3 = pc;	// save pc for loop labels
+	if(n->ninit)
+		gen(n->ninit);
+
+	setlineno(n);
+
+	switch(n->op) {
+	default:
+		fatal("gen: unknown op %N", n);
+		break;
+
+	case OLIST:
+		gen(n->left);
+		n = n->right;
+		goto loop;
+
+	case OCASE:
+	case OFALL:
+	case OXCASE:
+	case OXFALL:
+	case OEMPTY:
+		break;
+
+	case OLABEL:
+		newlab(OLABEL, n->left->sym);
+		break;
+
+	case OGOTO:
+		newlab(OGOTO, n->left->sym);
+		gjmp(P);
+		break;
+
+	case OBREAK:
+		if(n->left != N) {
+			for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
+				if(lab->breakpc != P) {
+					gjmp(lab->breakpc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if(lab == L)
+				yyerror("break label not defined: %S", n->left->sym);
+			break;
+		}
+		if(breakpc == P) {
+			yyerror("break is not in a loop");
+			break;
+		}
+		gjmp(breakpc);
+		break;
+
+	case OCONTINUE:
+		if(n->left != N) {
+			for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
+				if(lab->continpc != P) {
+					gjmp(lab->continpc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if(lab == L)
+				yyerror("break label not defined: %S", n->left->sym);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if(continpc == P) {
+			yyerror("gen: continue is not in a loop");
+			break;
+		}
+		gjmp(continpc);
+		break;
+
+	case OFOR:
+		sbreak = breakpc;
+		p1 = gjmp(P);			// 		goto test
+		breakpc = gjmp(P);		// break:	goto done
+		scontin = continpc;
+		continpc = pc;
+
+		// define break and cotinue labels
+		for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
+			if(lab->label != p3)
+				break;
+			if(lab->op == OLABEL) {
+				lab->breakpc = breakpc;
+				lab->continpc = continpc;
+			}
+		}
+
+		gen(n->nincr);				// contin:	incr
+		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
+		if(n->ntest != N)
+			if(n->ntest->ninit != N)
+				gen(n->ntest->ninit);
+		bgen(n->ntest, 0, breakpc);		//		if(!test) goto break
+		gen(n->nbody);				//		body
+		gjmp(continpc);
+		patch(breakpc, pc);			// done:
+		continpc = scontin;
+		breakpc = sbreak;
+		break;
+
+	case OIF:
+		p1 = gjmp(P);			//		goto test
+		p2 = gjmp(P);			// p2:		goto else
+		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
+		if(n->ntest != N)
+			if(n->ntest->ninit != N)
+				gen(n->ntest->ninit);
+		bgen(n->ntest, 0, p2);			// 		if(!test) goto p2
+		gen(n->nbody);				//		then
+		p3 = gjmp(P);			//		goto done
+		patch(p2, pc);				// else:
+		gen(n->nelse);				//		else
+		patch(p3, pc);				// done:
+		break;
+
+	case OSWITCH:
+		sbreak = breakpc;
+		p1 = gjmp(P);			// 		goto test
+		breakpc = gjmp(P);		// break:	goto done
+
+		// define break label
+		for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
+			if(lab->label != p3)
+				break;
+			if(lab->op == OLABEL) {
+				lab->breakpc = breakpc;
+			}
+		}
+
+		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
+		gen(n->nbody);				//		switch(test) body
+		patch(breakpc, pc);			// done:
+		breakpc = sbreak;
+		break;
+
+	case OSELECT:
+		sbreak = breakpc;
+		p1 = gjmp(P);			// 		goto test
+		breakpc = gjmp(P);		// break:	goto done
+
+		// define break label
+		for(lab=labellist; lab!=L; lab=lab->link) {
+			if(lab->label != p3)
+				break;
+			if(lab->op == OLABEL) {
+				lab->breakpc = breakpc;
+			}
+		}
+
+		patch(p1, pc);				// test:
+		gen(n->nbody);				//		select() body
+		patch(breakpc, pc);			// done:
+		breakpc = sbreak;
+		break;
+
+	case OASOP:
+		cgen_asop(n);
+		break;
+
+	case ODCL:
+		cgen_dcl(n->left);
+		break;
+
+	case OAS:
+		cgen_as(n->left, n->right);
+		break;
+
+	case OCALLMETH:
+		cgen_callmeth(n, 0);
+		break;
+
+	case OCALLINTER:
+		cgen_callinter(n, N, 0);
+		break;
+
+	case OCALL:
+		cgen_call(n, 0);
+		break;
+
+	case OPROC:
+		cgen_proc(n, 1);
+		break;
+
+	case ODEFER:
+		cgen_proc(n, 2);
+		break;
+
+	case ORETURN:
+		cgen_ret(n);
+		break;
+	}
+
+ret:
+	lineno = lno;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate call to non-interface method
+ *	proc=0	normal call
+ *	proc=1	goroutine run in new proc
+ *	proc=2	defer call save away stack
+ */
+void
+cgen_callmeth(Node *n, int proc)
+{
+	Node *l;
+
+	// generate a rewrite for method call
+	// (p.f)(...) goes to (f)(p,...)
+
+	l = n->left;
+	if(l->op != ODOTMETH)
+		fatal("cgen_callmeth: not dotmethod: %N");
+
+	n->op = OCALL;
+	n->left = n->left->right;
+	n->left->type = l->type;
+
+	if(n->left->op == ONAME)
+		n->left->class = PFUNC;
+	cgen_call(n, proc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate code to start new proc running call n.
+ */
+void
+cgen_proc(Node *n, int proc)
+{
+	switch(n->left->op) {
+	default:
+		fatal("cgen_proc: unknown call %O", n->left->op);
+
+	case OCALLMETH:
+		cgen_callmeth(n->left, proc);
+		break;
+
+	case OCALLINTER:
+		cgen_callinter(n->left, N, proc);
+		break;
+
+	case OCALL:
+		cgen_call(n->left, proc);
+		break;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate declaration.
+ * nothing to do for on-stack automatics,
+ * but might have to allocate heap copy
+ * for escaped variables.
+ */
+void
+cgen_dcl(Node *n)
+{
+	if(debug['g'])
+		dump("\ncgen-dcl", n);
+	if(n->op != ONAME) {
+		dump("cgen_dcl", n);
+		fatal("cgen_dcl");
+	}
+	if(!(n->class & PHEAP))
+		return;
+	cgen_as(n->heapaddr, n->alloc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate assignment:
+ *	nl = nr
+ * nr == N means zero nl.
+ */
+void
+cgen_as(Node *nl, Node *nr)
+{
+	Node nc;
+	Type *tl;
+	int iszer;
+
+	if(nl == N)
+		return;
+
+	if(debug['g']) {
+		dump("cgen_as", nl);
+		dump("cgen_as = ", nr);
+	}
+
+	iszer = 0;
+	if(nr == N || isnil(nr)) {
+		if(nl->op == OLIST) {
+			cgen_as(nl->left, nr);
+			cgen_as(nl->right, nr);
+			return;
+		}
+		tl = nl->type;
+		if(tl == T)
+			return;
+		if(isfat(tl)) {
+			clearfat(nl);
+			goto ret;
+		}
+
+		/* invent a "zero" for the rhs */
+		iszer = 1;
+		nr = &nc;
+		memset(nr, 0, sizeof(*nr));
+		switch(simtype[tl->etype]) {
+		default:
+			fatal("cgen_as: tl %T", tl);
+			break;
+
+		case TINT8:
+		case TUINT8:
+		case TINT16:
+		case TUINT16:
+		case TINT32:
+		case TUINT32:
+		case TINT64:
+		case TUINT64:
+			nr->val.u.xval = mal(sizeof(*nr->val.u.xval));
+			mpmovecfix(nr->val.u.xval, 0);
+			nr->val.ctype = CTINT;
+			break;
+
+		case TFLOAT32:
+		case TFLOAT64:
+		case TFLOAT80:
+			nr->val.u.fval = mal(sizeof(*nr->val.u.fval));
+			mpmovecflt(nr->val.u.fval, 0.0);
+			nr->val.ctype = CTFLT;
+			break;
+
+		case TBOOL:
+			nr->val.u.bval = 0;
+			nr->val.ctype = CTBOOL;
+			break;
+
+		case TPTR32:
+		case TPTR64:
+			nr->val.ctype = CTNIL;
+			break;
+
+		}
+		nr->op = OLITERAL;
+		nr->type = tl;
+		nr->addable = 1;
+		ullmancalc(nr);
+	}
+
+	tl = nl->type;
+	if(tl == T)
+		return;
+
+	cgen(nr, nl);
+	if(iszer && nl->addable)
+		gused(nl);
+
+ret:
+	;
+}
diff --git a/src/cmd/gc/go.h b/src/cmd/gc/go.h
index 0a6f1ccbb49..2654d48cc26 100644
--- a/src/cmd/gc/go.h
+++ b/src/cmd/gc/go.h
@@ -937,26 +937,12 @@ int	smallintconst(Node*);
 int	consttype(Node*);
 int	isconst(Node*, int);
 
-/*
- *	gen.c/gsubr.c/obj.c
- */
-void	betypeinit(void);
-vlong	convvtox(vlong, int);
-void	compile(Node*);
-void	proglist(void);
-int	optopop(int);
-void	dumpobj(void);
-void	dowidth(Type*);
-void	argspace(int32);
-Node*	nodarg(Type*, int);
-Type*	deep(Type*);
-Type*	shallow(Type*);
-
 /*
  *	align.c
  */
 uint32	rnd(uint32, uint32);
 void	dowidth(Type*);
+int	argsize(Type*);
 
 /*
  *	bits.c
@@ -972,3 +958,66 @@ int	bset(Bits, uint);
 int	Qconv(Fmt *fp);
 int	bitno(int32);
 
+/*
+ *	gen.c
+ */
+typedef	struct	Prog	Prog;
+#define	P	((Prog*)0)
+
+typedef	struct	Label Label;
+struct	Label
+{
+	uchar	op;		// OGOTO/OLABEL
+	Sym*	sym;
+	Prog*	label;		// pointer to code
+	Prog*	breakpc;	// pointer to code
+	Prog*	continpc;	// pointer to code
+	Label*	link;
+};
+#define	L	((Label*)0)
+
+EXTERN	Label*	labellist;
+EXTERN	Label*	findlab(Sym*);
+
+EXTERN	Prog*	continpc;
+EXTERN	Prog*	breakpc;
+EXTERN	Prog*	pc;
+EXTERN	Prog*	firstpc;
+
+void	allocparams(void);
+void	cgen_as(Node *nl, Node *nr);
+void	cgen_callmeth(Node *n, int proc);
+void	cgen_dcl(Node *n);
+void	cgen_proc(Node *n, int proc);
+void	checklabels(void);
+Label*	findlab(Sym *s);
+void	gen(Node *n);
+void	newlab(int op, Sym *s);
+Node*	sysfunc(char *name);
+
+
+/*
+ *	gen.c/gsubr.c/obj.c
+ */
+void	betypeinit(void);
+vlong	convvtox(vlong, int);
+void	compile(Node*);
+void	proglist(void);
+int	optopop(int);
+void	dumpobj(void);
+void	dowidth(Type*);
+void	argspace(int32);
+Node*	nodarg(Type*, int);
+Type*	deep(Type*);
+Type*	shallow(Type*);
+Prog*	gjmp(Prog*);
+void	patch(Prog*, Prog*);
+void	bgen(Node *n, int true, Prog *to);
+void	cgen_asop(Node *n);
+void	cgen_call(Node *n, int proc);
+void	cgen_callinter(Node *n, Node *res, int proc);
+void	cgen_ret(Node *n);
+int	isfat(Type*);
+void	clearfat(Node *n);
+void	cgen(Node*, Node*);
+void	gused(Node*);
diff --git a/src/cmd/gc/lex.c b/src/cmd/gc/lex.c
index 3bda54a7a0e..ab7ced37647 100644
--- a/src/cmd/gc/lex.c
+++ b/src/cmd/gc/lex.c
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	lexinit();
 	typeinit(LBASETYPE);
 
+	symstringo = lookup(".stringo");	// strings
+
 	lineno = 1;
 	block = 1;
 	blockgen = 1;
@@ -336,7 +338,8 @@ cannedimports(char *file, char *cp)
 }
 
 int
-isfrog(int c) {
+isfrog(int c)
+{
 	// complain about possibly invisible control characters
 	if(c < 0)
 		return 1;