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A first attempt to capture the type changes.

Browse Source 
Instead of trying to make open arrays look like arrays (which they aren't,
they just look like them), I decided to call them "slice types". As a result
they have value semantics, and one can really talk about what they really are.

Note:
- There are lots of missing details
- There are probably lots of mistakes

Looking for some initial feedback.

R=r
DELTA=444  (180 added, 189 deleted, 75 changed)
OCL=21769
CL=22020
This commit is contained in:
Robert Griesemer 2009-01-05 11:17:26 -08:00
parent 3f69acfb0c
commit a329471ced
1 changed files with 248 additions and 257 deletions
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505
doc/go_spec.txt
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The Go Programming Language Specification (DRAFT)
Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson
(December 18, 2008) (January 5, 2009)
---- ----
@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ Todo's:
doesn't correspond to the implementation. The spec is wrong when it doesn't correspond to the implementation. The spec is wrong when it
comes to the first index i: it should allow (at least) the range 0 <= i <= len(a). comes to the first index i: it should allow (at least) the range 0 <= i <= len(a).
also: document different semantics for strings and arrays (strings cannot be grown). also: document different semantics for strings and arrays (strings cannot be grown).
[ ] new as it is now is weird - need to go back to previous semantics and introduce
literals for slices, maps, channels
[ ] determine if really necessary to disallow array assignment
Open issues: Open issues:
@ -167,10 +170,11 @@ Contents
Array types Array types
Struct types Struct types
Pointer types Pointer types
Map types
Channel types
Function types Function types
Interface types Interface types
Slice types
Map types
Channel types
Type equality Type equality
Expressions Expressions
@ -337,11 +341,22 @@ they are no longer accessible. There is no pointer arithmetic in Go.
Values and references Values and references
---- ----
All objects have value semantics, but their contents may be accessed TODO
through different pointers referring to the same object. - revisit this section
For example, when calling a function with an array, the array is - if we'd keep the * for maps and chans, all types would have value semantics
passed by value, possibly by making a copy. To pass a reference, again
one must explicitly pass a pointer to the array.
Most data types have value semantics, but their contents may be accessed
through different pointers referring to the same object. However, some
data types have reference semantics to facilitate common usage patterns
and implementation.
For example, when calling a function with a struct, the struct is passed
by value, possibly by making a copy. To pass a reference, one must explicitly
pass a pointer to the struct. On the other hand, when calling a function with
a map, a reference to the map is passed implicitly without the need to pass a
pointer to the map; thus the map contents are not copied when a map is assigned
to a variable.
Multithreading and channels Multithreading and channels
@ -1046,27 +1061,31 @@ Types
A type specifies the set of values that variables of that type may assume A type specifies the set of values that variables of that type may assume
and the operators that are applicable. and the operators that are applicable.
A type may be specified by a type name (§Type declarations) A type may be specified by a type name (§Type declarations) or a type literal.
or a type literal. A type literal is a syntactic construct that explicitly specifies the
composition of a new type in terms of other (already declared) types.
Type = TypeName | TypeLit . Type = TypeName | TypeLit .
TypeName = QualifiedIdent. TypeName = QualifiedIdent.
TypeLit = TypeLit =
ArrayType | StructType | PointerType | FunctionType | ArrayType | StructType | PointerType | FunctionType | InterfaceType |
ChannelType | MapType | InterfaceType . SliceType | MapType | ChannelType .
There are basic types and composite types. Basic types are predeclared and Some types are predeclared and denoted by their type names; these are called
denoted by their type names. ``basic types''. Generally (except for strings) they are not composed of more
Composite types are arrays, maps, channels, structures, functions, pointers, elementary types; instead they model elementary machine data types.
and interfaces. They are constructed from other (basic or composite) types
and denoted by their type names or by type literals.
Types may be ``complete'' or ''incomplete''. Basic, pointer, function and All other types are called ``composite types'; they are composed from other
interface types are always complete (although their components, such (basic or composite) types and denoted by their type names or by type literals.
as the base type of a pointer type, may be incomplete). All other types are There are arrays, structs, pointers, functions, interfaces, slices, maps, and
complete when they are fully declared. Incomplete types are subject to channels.
usage restrictions; for instance the type of a variable must be complete
where the variable is declared. At a given point in the source code, a type may be ``complete'' or
''incomplete''. Array and struct types are complete when they are fully declared.
All other types are always complete (although their components, such as the base
type of a pointer type, may be incomplete). Incomplete types are subject to usage
restrictions; for instance the type of a variable must be complete where the
variable is declared.
CompleteType = Type . CompleteType = Type .
@ -1076,11 +1095,6 @@ of the pointer base type (§Pointer types). All types have an interface;
if they have no methods associated with them, their interface is if they have no methods associated with them, their interface is
called the ``empty'' interface. called the ``empty'' interface.
TODO: Since methods are added one at a time, the interface of a type may
be different at different points in the source text. Thus, static checking
may give different results then dynamic checking which is problematic.
Need to resolve.
The ``static type'' (or simply ``type'') of a variable is the type defined by The ``static type'' (or simply ``type'') of a variable is the type defined by
the variable's declaration. The ``dynamic type'' of a variable is the actual the variable's declaration. The ``dynamic type'' of a variable is the actual
type of the value stored in a variable at run-time. Except for variables of type of the value stored in a variable at run-time. Except for variables of
@ -1144,10 +1158,10 @@ convenience:
For instance, int might have the same size as int32 on a 32-bit For instance, int might have the same size as int32 on a 32-bit
architecture, or int64 on a 64-bit architecture. architecture, or int64 on a 64-bit architecture.
Except for byte, which is an alias for uint8, all numeric types Except for "byte", which is an alias for "uint8", all numeric types
are different from each other to avoid portability issues. Conversions are different from each other to avoid portability issues. Conversions
are required when different numeric types are mixed in an expression or assignment. are required when different numeric types are mixed in an expression or assignment.
For instance, int32 and int are not the same type even though they may have For instance, "int32" and "int" are not the same type even though they may have
the same size on a particular platform. the same size on a particular platform.
@ -1161,7 +1175,7 @@ available through the two predeclared constants, "true" and "false".
Strings Strings
---- ----
The string type represents the set of string values (strings). The "string" type represents the set of string values (strings).
Strings behave like arrays of bytes, with the following properties: Strings behave like arrays of bytes, with the following properties:
- They are immutable: after creation, it is not possible to change the - They are immutable: after creation, it is not possible to change the
@ -1188,133 +1202,36 @@ just array of bytes) by a conversion (§Conversions):
Array types Array types
---- ----
An array is a composite type consisting of a number of elements all of the same An array is a composite type consisting of a number of elements all of the
type, called the element type. The number of elements of an array is called its same type, called the element type. The element type must be a complete type
length; it is always positive (including zero). The elements of an array are (§Types). The number of elements of an array is called its length; it is never
designated by indices which are integers between 0 and the length - 1. negative. The elements of an array are designated by indices
which are integers from 0 through the length - 1.
An array type specifies the array element type and an optional array ArrayType = "[" ArrayLength "]" ElementType .
length which must be a compile-time constant expression of a (signed or
unsigned) int type. If present, the array length and its value is part of
the array type. The element type must be a complete type (§Types).
If the length is present in the declaration, the array is called
``fixed array''; if the length is absent, the array is called ``open array''.
ArrayType = "[" [ ArrayLength ] "]" ElementType .
ArrayLength = Expression . ArrayLength = Expression .
ElementType = CompleteType . ElementType = CompleteType .
The length of an array "a" can be discovered using the built-in function The array length and its value are part of the array type. The array length
must be a constant expression (§Constant expressions) that evaluates to an
integer value >= 0.
len(a) The number of elements of an array "a" can be discovered using the built-in
If "a" is a fixed array, the length is known at compile-time and "len(a)" can
be evaluated to a compile-time constant. If "a" is an open array, then "len(a)"
will only be known at run-time.
The amount of space actually allocated to hold the array data may be larger
then the current array length; this maximum array length is called the array
capacity. The capacity of an array "a" can be discovered using the built-in
function function
cap(a) len(a)
and the following relationship between "len()" and "cap()" holds:
0 <= len(a) <= cap(a) The length of arrays is known at compile-time, and the result of a call to
"len(a)" is a compile-time constant.
Allocation: An open array may only be used as a function parameter type, or [32]byte
as element type of a pointer type. There are no other variables
(besides parameters), struct or map fields of open array type; they must be
pointers to open arrays. For instance, an open array may have a fixed array
element type, but a fixed array must not have an open array element type
(though it may have a pointer to an open array). Thus, for now, there are
only ``one-dimensional'' open arrays.
The following are legal array types:
[32] byte
[2*N] struct { x, y int32 } [2*N] struct { x, y int32 }
[1000]*[] float64 [1000]*float64
[] int
[][1024] byte
Variables of fixed arrays may be declared statically:
var a [32] byte Assignment compatibility: Arrays can be assigned to slice variables of
var m [1000]*[] float64 equal element type; arrays cannot be assigned to other array variables
or passed to functions (by value).
Static and dynamic arrays may be allocated dynamically via the built-in function TODO rethink this restriction. Causes irregularities.
"new()" which takes an array type and zero or one array lengths as parameters,
depending on the number of open arrays in the type:
new([32] byte) // *[32] byte
new([]int, 100); // *[100] int
new([][1024] byte, 4); // *[4][1024] byte
Assignment compatibility: Fixed arrays are assignment compatible to variables
of the same type, or to open arrays with the same element type. Open arrays
may only be assigned to other open arrays with the same element type.
For the variables:
var fa, fb [32] int
var fc [64] int
var pa, pb *[] int
var pc *[][32] int
the following assignments are legal, and cause the respective array elements
to be copied:
fa = fb;
pa = pb;
*pa = *pb;
fa = *pc[7];
*pa = fa;
*pb = fc;
*pa = *pc[11];
The following assignments are illegal:
fa = *pa; // cannot assign open array to fixed array
*pc[7] = *pa; // cannot assign open array to fixed array
fa = fc; // different fixed array types
*pa = *pc; // different element types of open arrays
Array indexing: Given a (pointer to an) array variable "a", an array element
is specified with an array index operation:
a[i]
This selects the array element at index "i". "i" must be within array bounds,
that is "0 <= i < len(a)".
Array slicing: Given a (pointer to an) array variable "a", a sub-array is
specified with an array slice operation:
a[i : j]
This selects the sub-array consisting of the elements "a[i]" through "a[j - 1]"
(exclusive "a[j]"). "i" must be within array bounds, and "j" must satisfy
"i <= j <= cap(a)". The length of the new slice is "j - i". The capacity of
the slice is "cap(a) - i"; thus if "i" is 0, the array capacity does not change
as a result of a slice operation. An array slice is always an open array.
Note that a slice operation does not ``crop'' the underlying array, it only
provides a new ``view'' to an array. If the capacity of an array is larger
then its length, slicing can be used to ``grow'' an array:
// allocate an open array of bytes with length i and capacity 100
i := 10;
a := new([] byte, 100) [0 : i];
// grow the array by n bytes, with i + n <= 100
a = a[0 : i + n];
TODO: Expand on details of slicing and assignment, especially between pointers
to arrays and arrays.
Struct types Struct types
@ -1407,7 +1324,7 @@ type, called the ``base type'' of the pointer, and the value "nil".
BaseType = Type . BaseType = Type .
*int *int
*map[string] *chan map[string] chan
The pointer base type may be denoted by an identifier referring to an The pointer base type may be denoted by an identifier referring to an
incomplete type (§Types), possibly declared via a forward declaration. incomplete type (§Types), possibly declared via a forward declaration.
@ -1426,68 +1343,6 @@ of pointer type, only if both types are equal.
Pointer arithmetic of any kind is not permitted. Pointer arithmetic of any kind is not permitted.
Map types
----
A map is a composite type consisting of a variable number of entries
called (key, value) pairs. For a given map, the keys and values must
each be of a specific complete type (§Types) called the key and value type,
respectively. Upon creation, a map is empty and values may be added and removed
during execution. The number of entries in a map is called its length.
MapType = "map" "[" KeyType "]" ValueType .
KeyType = CompleteType .
ValueType = CompleteType .
map [string] int
map [struct { pid int; name string }] *chan Buffer
map [string] any
The length of a map "m" can be discovered using the built-in function
len(m)
Allocation: A map may only be used as a base type of a pointer type.
There are no variables, parameters, array, struct, or map fields of
map type, only of pointers to maps.
Assignment compatibility: A pointer to a map type is assignment
compatible to a variable of pointer to map type only if both types
are equal.
Channel types
----
A channel provides a mechanism for two concurrently executing functions
to synchronize execution and exchange values of a specified type. This
type must be a complete type (§Types).
Upon creation, a channel can be used both to send and to receive.
By conversion or assignment, a channel may be constrained only to send or
to receive. This constraint is called a channel's ``direction''; either
bi-directional (unconstrained), send, or receive.
ChannelType = Channel | SendChannel | RecvChannel .
Channel = "chan" ValueType .
SendChannel = "chan" "<-" ValueType .
RecvChannel = "<-" "chan" ValueType .
chan T // can send and receive values of type T
chan <- float // can only be used to send floats
<-chan int // can receive only ints
Channel variables always have type pointer to channel.
It is an error to attempt to use a channel value and in
particular to dereference a channel pointer.
var ch *chan int;
ch = new(chan int); // new returns type *chan int
TODO(gri): Do we need the channel conversion? It's enough to just keep
the assignment rule.
Function types Function types
---- ----
@ -1540,7 +1395,7 @@ the set of methods specified by the interface type, and the value "nil".
MethodSpecList = MethodSpec { ";" MethodSpec } [ ";" ] . MethodSpecList = MethodSpec { ";" MethodSpec } [ ";" ] .
MethodSpec = IdentifierList FunctionType . MethodSpec = IdentifierList FunctionType .
// A basic file interface. // An interface specifying a basic File type.
interface { interface {
Read, Write (b Buffer) bool; Read, Write (b Buffer) bool;
Close (); Close ();
@ -1593,6 +1448,148 @@ Assignment compatibility: A value can be assigned to an interface variable
if the static type of the value implements the interface or if the value is "nil". if the static type of the value implements the interface or if the value is "nil".
Slice types
----
An (array) slice type denotes the set of all slices (segments) of arrays
(§Array types) of a given element type, and the value "nil".
The number of elements of a slice is called its length; it is never negative.
The elements of a slice are designated by indices which are
integers from 0 through the length - 1.
SliceType = "[" "]" ElementType .
Syntactically and semantically, arrays and slices look and behave very
similarly, but with one important difference: A slice is a descriptor
of an array segment; in particular, different variables of a slice type may
refer to different (and possibly overlapping) segments of the same underlying
array. Thus, with respect to the underlying array, slices behave like
references. In contrast, two different variables of array type always
denote two different arrays.
For slices, the actual array underlying the slice may extend past the current
slice length; the maximum length a slice may assume is called its capacity.
The capacity of any slice "a" can be discovered using the built-in function
cap(a)
and the following relationship between "len()" and "cap()" holds:
0 <= len(a) <= cap(a)
The value of an uninitialized slice is "nil", and its length and capacity
are 0. A new, initialized slice value for a given elemen type T is
created using the built-in function "new", which takes a slice type
and parameters specifying the length and optionally the capacity:
new([]T, length)
new([]T, length, capacity)
Assignment compatibility: Slices are assignment compatible to variables
of the same type.
Indexing: Given a (pointer to) a slice variable "a", a slice element is
specified with an index operation:
a[i]
This denotes the slice element at index "i". "i" must be within bounds,
that is "0 <= i < len(a)".
Slicing: Given a a slice variable "a", a sub-slice is created with a slice
operation:
a[i : j]
This creates the sub-slice consisting of the elements "a[i]" through "a[j - 1]"
(that is, excluding "a[j]"). "i" must be within array bounds, and "j" must satisfy
"i <= j <= cap(a)". The length of the new slice is "j - i". The capacity of
the slice is "cap(a) - i"; thus if "i" is 0, the slice capacity does not change
as a result of a slice operation. The type of a sub-slice is the same as the
type of the slice.
TODO what are the proper restrictions on slices?
TODO describe equality checking against nil
Map types
----
A map is a composite type consisting of a variable number of entries
called (key, value) pairs. For a given map, the keys and values must
each be of a specific complete type (§Types) called the key and value type,
respectively. The number of entries in a map is called its length; it is never
negative.
MapType = "map" "[" KeyType "]" ValueType .
KeyType = CompleteType .
ValueType = CompleteType .
Upon creation, a map is empty and values may be added and removed
during execution.
map [string] int
map [struct { pid int; name string }] chan Buffer
map [string] interface {}
The length of a map "m" can be discovered using the built-in function
len(m)
The value of an uninitialized map is "nil". A new, initialized map
value for given key and value types K and V is created using the built-in
function "new" which takes the map type and an (optional) capacity as arguments:
my_map := new(map[K] V, 100);
The map capacity is an allocation hint for more efficient incremental growth
of the map.
Assignment compatibility: A map type is assignment compatible to a variable of
map type only if both types are equal.
TODO: Comparison against nil
Channel types
----
A channel provides a mechanism for two concurrently executing functions
to synchronize execution and exchange values of a specified type. This
type must be a complete type (§Types). (TODO could it be incomplete?)
ChannelType = Channel | SendChannel | RecvChannel .
Channel = "chan" ValueType .
SendChannel = "chan" "<-" ValueType .
RecvChannel = "<-" "chan" ValueType .
Upon creation, a channel can be used both to send and to receive.
By conversion or assignment, a channel may be constrained only to send or
to receive. This constraint is called a channel's ``direction''; either
bi-directional (unconstrained), send, or receive.
chan T // can send and receive values of type T
chan <- float // can only be used to send floats
<-chan int // can only receive ints
The value of an uninitialized channel is "nil". A new, initialized channel
value for a given element type T is created using the built-in function "new",
which takes the channel type and an (optional) capacity as arguments:
my_chan = new(chan int, 100);
The capacity sets the size of the buffer in the communication channel. If the
capacity is greater than zero, the channel is asynchronous and, provided the
buffer is not full, sends can succeed without blocking. If the capacity is zero,
the communication succeeds only when both a sender and receiver are ready.
Assignment compatibility:
TODO write this paragraph
TODO(gri): Do we need the channel conversion? It's enough to just keep
the assignment rule.
Type equality Type equality
---- ----
@ -1612,8 +1609,7 @@ speaking, two types are equal if their values have the same layout in memory.
More precisely: More precisely:
- Two array types are equal if they have equal element types and if they - Two array types are equal if they have equal element types and if they
are either fixed arrays with the same array length, or they are open have the same array length.
arrays.
- Two struct types are equal if they have the same number of fields in the - Two struct types are equal if they have the same number of fields in the
same order, corresponding fields are either both named or both anonymous, same order, corresponding fields are either both named or both anonymous,
@ -1627,6 +1623,8 @@ More precisely:
equal (a "..." parameter is equal to another "..." parameter). equal (a "..." parameter is equal to another "..." parameter).
Note that parameter and result names do not have to match. Note that parameter and result names do not have to match.
- Two slice types are equal if they have equal element types.
- Two channel types are equal if they have equal value types and - Two channel types are equal if they have equal value types and
the same direction. the same direction.
@ -1645,8 +1643,7 @@ same literal structure and corresponding components have identical types.
More precisely: More precisely:
- Two array types are identical if they have identical element types and if - Two array types are identical if they have identical element types and if
they are either fixed arrays with the same array length, or they are open they have the same array length.
arrays.
- Two struct types are identical if they have the same number of fields in - Two struct types are identical if they have the same number of fields in
the same order, corresponding fields either have both the same name or the same order, corresponding fields either have both the same name or
@ -1659,6 +1656,8 @@ More precisely:
if corresponding parameter and result types are identical (a "..." if corresponding parameter and result types are identical (a "..."
parameter is identical to another "..." parameter with the same name). parameter is identical to another "..." parameter with the same name).
- Two slice types are identical if they have identical element types.
- Two channel types are identical if they have identical value types and - Two channel types are identical if they have identical value types and
the same direction. the same direction.
@ -1725,7 +1724,7 @@ Thus, the values 991, 42.0, and 1e9 are ok, but -1, 3.14, or 1e100 are not.
<!-- <!--
TODO(gri) This may be overly constraining. What about "len(a) + c" where TODO(gri) This may be overly constraining. What about "len(a) + c" where
c is an ideal number? Is len(a) of type int, or of an ideal number? Probably c is an ideal number? Is len(a) of type int, or of an ideal number? Probably
should be ideal number, because for fixed arrays, it is a constant. should be ideal number, because for arrays, it is a constant.
--> -->
@ -1779,8 +1778,6 @@ Composite literals are values of the type specified by LiteralType; that is
a new value is created every time the literal is evaluated. To get a new value is created every time the literal is evaluated. To get
a pointer to the literal, the address operator "&" must be used. a pointer to the literal, the address operator "&" must be used.
Implementation restriction: Currently, map literals are pointers to maps.
Given Given
type Rat struct { num, den int }; type Rat struct { num, den int };
@ -1791,22 +1788,23 @@ one can write
pi := Num{Rat{22, 7}, 3.14159, "pi"}; pi := Num{Rat{22, 7}, 3.14159, "pi"};
Array literals are always fixed arrays: If no array length is specified in TODO section below needs to be brought into agreement with 6g.
LiteralType, the array length is the number of elements provided in the composite
literal. Otherwise the array length is the length specified in LiteralType. The length of an array literal is the length specified in the LiteralType.
In the latter case, fewer elements than the array length may be provided in the If fewer elements than the length are provided in the literal, the missing
literal, and the missing elements are set to the appropriate zero value for elements are set to the appropriate zero value for the array element type.
the array element type. It is an error to provide more elements then specified It is an error to provide more elements than specified in LiteralType.
in LiteralType. If no length is specified, the length is the number of elements provided
in the literal.
buffer := [10]string{}; // len(buffer) == 10 buffer := [10]string{}; // len(buffer) == 10
primes := [6]int{2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; // len(primes) == 6 primes := &[6]int{2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; // len(primes) == 6
weekenddays := &[]string{"sat", "sun"}; // len(weekenddays) == 2 weekenddays := &[]string{"sat", "sun"}; // len(weekenddays) == 2
Map literals are similar except the elements of the expression list are Map literals are similar except the elements of the expression list are
key-value pairs separated by a colon: key-value pairs separated by a colon:
m := &map[string]int{"good": 0, "bad": 1, "indifferent": 7}; m := map[string]int{"good": 0, "bad": 1, "indifferent": 7};
TODO: Consider adding helper syntax for nested composites TODO: Consider adding helper syntax for nested composites
(avoids repeating types but complicates the spec needlessly.) (avoids repeating types but complicates the spec needlessly.)
@ -1830,7 +1828,7 @@ A function literal can be assigned to a variable of the
corresponding function pointer type, or invoked directly. corresponding function pointer type, or invoked directly.
f := func(x, y int) int { return x + y; } f := func(x, y int) int { return x + y; }
func(ch *chan int) { ch <- ACK; } (reply_chan) func(ch chan int) { ch <- ACK; } (reply_chan)
Implementation restriction: A function literal can reference only Implementation restriction: A function literal can reference only
its parameters, global variables, and variables declared within the its parameters, global variables, and variables declared within the
@ -1860,7 +1858,6 @@ Primary expressions
(s + ".txt") (s + ".txt")
f(3.1415, true) f(3.1415, true)
Point(1, 2) Point(1, 2)
new([]int, 100)
m["foo"] m["foo"]
s[i : j + 1] s[i : j + 1]
obj.color obj.color
@ -2292,7 +2289,8 @@ Comparison operators
Comparison operators yield a boolean result. All comparison operators apply Comparison operators yield a boolean result. All comparison operators apply
to strings and numeric types. The operators "==" and "!=" also apply to to strings and numeric types. The operators "==" and "!=" also apply to
boolean values, pointer and interface types (including the value "nil"). boolean values, pointer, interface types, slice, map, and channel types
(including the value "nil").
== equal == equal
!= not equal != not equal
@ -2312,6 +2310,11 @@ been modified since creation (§Program initialization and execution).
TODO: Should we allow general comparison via interfaces? Problematic. TODO: Should we allow general comparison via interfaces? Problematic.
Slices, maps, and channels are equal if they denote the same slice, map, or
channel respectively, or are "nil".
TODO: We need to be more precise here.
Logical operators Logical operators
---- ----
@ -2403,7 +2406,7 @@ Communication operators
The syntax presented above covers communication operations. This The syntax presented above covers communication operations. This
section describes their form and function. section describes their form and function.
Here the term "channel" means "variable of type *chan". Here the term "channel" means "variable of type chan".
A channel is created by allocating it: A channel is created by allocating it:
@ -2477,7 +2480,7 @@ A constant expression is an expression whose operands are all constants
(§Constants). Additionally, the result of the predeclared functions (§Constants). Additionally, the result of the predeclared functions
below (with appropriate arguments) is also constant: below (with appropriate arguments) is also constant:
len(a) if a is a fixed array len(a) if a is an array (as opposed to an array slice)
TODO: Complete this list as needed. TODO: Complete this list as needed.
@ -2867,7 +2870,7 @@ scope of such variables begins immediately after the variable identifier
and ends at the end of the respective "select" case (that is, before the and ends at the end of the respective "select" case (that is, before the
next "case", "default", or closing brace). next "case", "default", or closing brace).
var c, c1, c2 *chan int; var c, c1, c2 chan int;
var i1, i2 int; var i1, i2 int;
select { select {
case i1 = <-c1: case i1 = <-c1:
@ -2885,7 +2888,7 @@ next "case", "default", or closing brace).
} }
} }
var ca *chan interface {}; var ca chan interface {};
var i int; var i int;
var f float; var f float;
select { select {
@ -3159,9 +3162,10 @@ Allocation
---- ----
The built-in function "new()" takes a type "T", optionally followed by a The built-in function "new()" takes a type "T", optionally followed by a
type-specific list of expressions. It allocates memory for a variable type-specific list of expressions. It returns a value of type "T" (possibly
of type "T" and returns a pointer of type "*T" to that variable. The by allocating memory in the heap).
memory is initialized as described in the section on initial values TODO describe initialization
The memory is initialized as described in the section on initial values
(§Program initialization and execution). (§Program initialization and execution).
new(type [, optional list of expressions]) new(type [, optional list of expressions])
@ -3169,7 +3173,7 @@ memory is initialized as described in the section on initial values
For instance For instance
type S struct { a int; b float } type S struct { a int; b float }
new(S) new(*S)
dynamically allocates memory for a variable of type S, initializes it dynamically allocates memory for a variable of type S, initializes it
(a=0, b=0.0), and returns a value of type *S pointing to that variable. (a=0, b=0.0), and returns a value of type *S pointing to that variable.
@ -3177,24 +3181,11 @@ dynamically allocates memory for a variable of type S, initializes it
The only defined parameters affect sizes for allocating arrays, The only defined parameters affect sizes for allocating arrays,
buffered channels, and maps. buffered channels, and maps.
ap := new([]int, 10); # a pointer to an open array of 10 ints s := new([]int); # slice
c := new(chan int, 10); # a pointer to a channel with a buffer size of 10 c := new(chan int, 10); # channel with a buffer size of 10
m := new(map[string] int, 100); # a pointer to a map with initial space for 100 elements m := new(map[string] int, 100); # map with initial space for 100 elements
For arrays, a third argument may be provided to specify the array capacity: TODO revisit this section
bp := new([]byte, 0, 1024); # a pointer to an empty open array with capacity 1024
<!--
TODO gri thinks that we should not use this notation to specify the capacity
for the following reasons: a) It precludes the future use of that argument as the length
for multi-dimensional open arrays (which we may need at some point) and b) the
effect of "new(T, l, c)" is trivially obtained via "new(T, c)[0 : l]", doesn't
require extra explanation, and leaves options open.
Finally, if there is a performance concern (the single new() may be faster
then the new() with slice, the compiler can trivially rewrite the slice version
into a faster internal call that doesn't do slicing).
-->
---- ----
@ -3264,7 +3255,7 @@ Here is a complete example Go package that implements a concurrent prime sieve:
package main package main
// Send the sequence 2, 3, 4, ... to channel 'ch'. // Send the sequence 2, 3, 4, ... to channel 'ch'.
func Generate(ch *chan <- int) { func Generate(ch chan <- int) {
for i := 2; ; i++ { for i := 2; ; i++ {
ch <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'ch'. ch <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'ch'.
} }
@ -3272,7 +3263,7 @@ Here is a complete example Go package that implements a concurrent prime sieve:
// Copy the values from channel 'in' to channel 'out', // Copy the values from channel 'in' to channel 'out',
// removing those divisible by 'prime'. // removing those divisible by 'prime'.
func Filter(in *chan <- int, out *<-chan int, prime int) { func Filter(in chan <- int, out *<-chan int, prime int) {
for { for {
i := <-in; // Receive value of new variable 'i' from 'in'. i := <-in; // Receive value of new variable 'i' from 'in'.
if i % prime != 0 { if i % prime != 0 {