runtime: improve timers scalability on multi-CPU systems

Use per-P timers, so each P may work with its own timers.

This CL improves performance on multi-CPU systems
in the following cases:

- When serving high number of concurrent connections
  with read/write deadlines set (for instance, highly loaded
  net/http server).

- When using high number of concurrent timers. These timers
  may be implicitly created via context.WithDeadline
  or context.WithTimeout.

Production servers should usually set timeout on connections
and external requests in order to prevent from resource leakage.
See https://blog.cloudflare.com/the-complete-guide-to-golang-net-http-timeouts/

Below are relevant benchmark results for various GOMAXPROCS values
on linux/amd64:

context package:

name                                     old time/op  new time/op  delta
WithTimeout/concurrency=40      4.92µs ± 0%  5.17µs ± 1%  +5.07%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
WithTimeout/concurrency=4000    6.03µs ± 1%  6.49µs ± 0%  +7.63%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
WithTimeout/concurrency=400000  8.58µs ± 7%  9.02µs ± 4%  +5.02%  (p=0.019 n=10+10)

name                                     old time/op  new time/op  delta
WithTimeout/concurrency=40-2      3.70µs ± 1%  2.78µs ± 4%  -24.90%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
WithTimeout/concurrency=4000-2    4.49µs ± 4%  3.67µs ± 5%  -18.26%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
WithTimeout/concurrency=400000-2  6.16µs ±10%  5.15µs ±13%  -16.30%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

name                                     old time/op  new time/op  delta
WithTimeout/concurrency=40-4      3.58µs ± 1%  2.64µs ± 2%  -26.13%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
WithTimeout/concurrency=4000-4    4.17µs ± 0%  3.32µs ± 1%  -20.36%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
WithTimeout/concurrency=400000-4  5.57µs ± 9%  4.83µs ±10%  -13.27%  (p=0.001 n=10+10)

time package:

name                     old time/op  new time/op  delta
AfterFunc                6.15ms ± 3%  6.07ms ± 2%     ~     (p=0.133 n=10+9)
AfterFunc-2              3.43ms ± 1%  3.56ms ± 1%   +3.91%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
AfterFunc-4              5.04ms ± 2%  2.36ms ± 0%  -53.20%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
After                    6.54ms ± 2%  6.49ms ± 3%     ~     (p=0.393 n=10+10)
After-2                  3.68ms ± 1%  3.87ms ± 0%   +5.14%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
After-4                  6.66ms ± 1%  2.87ms ± 1%  -56.89%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Stop                      698µs ± 2%   689µs ± 1%   -1.26%  (p=0.011 n=10+10)
Stop-2                    729µs ± 2%   434µs ± 3%  -40.49%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Stop-4                    837µs ± 3%   333µs ± 2%  -60.20%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
SimultaneousAfterFunc     694µs ± 1%   692µs ± 7%     ~     (p=0.481 n=10+10)
SimultaneousAfterFunc-2   714µs ± 3%   569µs ± 2%  -20.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
SimultaneousAfterFunc-4   782µs ± 2%   386µs ± 2%  -50.67%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
StartStop                 267µs ± 3%   274µs ± 0%   +2.64%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
StartStop-2               238µs ± 2%   140µs ± 3%  -40.95%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
StartStop-4               320µs ± 1%   125µs ± 1%  -61.02%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
Reset                    75.0µs ± 1%  77.5µs ± 2%   +3.38%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Reset-2                   150µs ± 2%    40µs ± 5%  -73.09%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
Reset-4                   226µs ± 1%    33µs ± 1%  -85.42%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Sleep                     857µs ± 6%   878µs ± 9%     ~     (p=0.079 n=10+9)
Sleep-2                   617µs ± 4%   585µs ± 2%   -5.21%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Sleep-4                   689µs ± 3%   465µs ± 4%  -32.53%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Ticker                   55.9ms ± 2%  55.9ms ± 2%     ~     (p=0.971 n=10+10)
Ticker-2                 28.7ms ± 2%  28.1ms ± 1%   -2.06%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Ticker-4                 14.6ms ± 0%  13.6ms ± 1%   -6.80%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)

Fixes #15133

Change-Id: I6f4b09d2db8c5bec93146db6501b44dbfe5c0ac4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/34784
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>

src/context/benchmark_test.go

@@ -7,10 +7,64 @@ package context_test
 import (
 	. "context"
 	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )
 
-func BenchmarkContextCancelTree(b *testing.B) {
+func BenchmarkWithTimeout(b *testing.B) {
+	for concurrency := 40; concurrency <= 4e5; concurrency *= 100 {
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("concurrency=%d", concurrency)
+		b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchmarkWithTimeout(b, concurrency)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func benchmarkWithTimeout(b *testing.B, concurrentContexts int) {
+	gomaxprocs := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
+	perPContexts := concurrentContexts / gomaxprocs
+	root := Background()
+
+	// Generate concurrent contexts.
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	ccf := make([][]CancelFunc, gomaxprocs)
+	for i := range ccf {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(i int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			cf := make([]CancelFunc, perPContexts)
+			for j := range cf {
+				_, cf[j] = WithTimeout(root, time.Hour)
+			}
+			ccf[i] = cf
+		}(i)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		wcf := make([]CancelFunc, 10)
+		for pb.Next() {
+			for i := range wcf {
+				_, wcf[i] = WithTimeout(root, time.Hour)
+			}
+			for _, f := range wcf {
+				f()
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	b.StopTimer()
+
+	for _, cf := range ccf {
+		for _, f := range cf {
+			f()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCancelTree(b *testing.B) {
 	depths := []int{1, 10, 100, 1000}
 	for _, d := range depths {
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("depth=%d", d), func(b *testing.B) {

src/internal/trace/parser.go

@@ -270,8 +270,9 @@ func parseHeader(buf []byte) (int, error) {
 // It does analyze and verify per-event-type arguments.
 func parseEvents(ver int, rawEvents []rawEvent, strings map[uint64]string) (events []*Event, stacks map[uint64][]*Frame, err error) {
 	var ticksPerSec, lastSeq, lastTs int64
-	var lastG, timerGoid uint64
+	var lastG uint64
 	var lastP int
+	timerGoids := make(map[uint64]bool)
 	lastGs := make(map[int]uint64) // last goroutine running on P
 	stacks = make(map[uint64][]*Frame)
 	batches := make(map[int][]*Event) // events by P
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ func parseEvents(ver int, rawEvents []rawEvent, strings map[uint64]string) (even
 				return
 			}
 		case EvTimerGoroutine:
-			timerGoid = raw.args[0]
+			timerGoids[raw.args[0]] = true
 		case EvStack:
 			if len(raw.args) < 2 {
 				err = fmt.Errorf("EvStack has wrong number of arguments at offset 0x%x: want at least 2, got %v",
@@ -431,7 +432,7 @@ func parseEvents(ver int, rawEvents []rawEvent, strings map[uint64]string) (even
 	for _, ev := range events {
 		ev.Ts = int64(float64(ev.Ts-minTs) * freq)
 		// Move timers and syscalls to separate fake Ps.
-		if timerGoid != 0 && ev.G == timerGoid && ev.Type == EvGoUnblock {
+		if timerGoids[ev.G] && ev.Type == EvGoUnblock {
 			ev.P = TimerP
 		}
 		if ev.Type == EvGoSysExit {

src/runtime/proc.go

@@ -3863,16 +3863,12 @@ func sysmon() {
 				}
 				shouldRelax := true
 				if osRelaxMinNS > 0 {
-					lock(&timers.lock)
+					next := timeSleepUntil()
-					if timers.sleeping {
 					now := nanotime()
-						next := timers.sleepUntil
 					if next-now < osRelaxMinNS {
 						shouldRelax = false
 					}
 				}
-					unlock(&timers.lock)
-				}
 				if shouldRelax {
 					osRelax(true)
 				}

src/runtime/time.go

@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@
 
 package runtime
 
-import "unsafe"
+import (
+	"runtime/internal/sys"
+	"unsafe"
+)
 
 // Package time knows the layout of this structure.
 // If this struct changes, adjust ../time/sleep.go:/runtimeTimer.
 // For GOOS=nacl, package syscall knows the layout of this structure.
 // If this struct changes, adjust ../syscall/net_nacl.go:/runtimeTimer.
 type timer struct {
+	tb *timersBucket // the bucket the timer lives in
 	i  int           // heap index
 
 	// Timer wakes up at when, and then at when+period, ... (period > 0 only)
@@ -25,7 +29,37 @@ type timer struct {
 	seq    uintptr
 }
 
-var timers struct {
+// timersLen is the length of timers array.
+//
+// Ideally, this would be set to GOMAXPROCS, but that would require
+// dynamic reallocation
+//
+// The current value is a compromise between memory usage and performance
+// that should cover the majority of GOMAXPROCS values used in the wild.
+const timersLen = 64
+
+// timers contains "per-P" timer heaps.
+//
+// Timers are queued into timersBucket associated with the current P,
+// so each P may work with its own timers independently of other P instances.
+//
+// Each timersBucket may be associated with multiple P
+// if GOMAXPROCS > timersLen.
+var timers [timersLen]struct {
+	timersBucket
+
+	// The padding should eliminate false sharing
+	// between timersBucket values.
+	pad [sys.CacheLineSize - unsafe.Sizeof(timersBucket{})%sys.CacheLineSize]byte
+}
+
+func (t *timer) assignBucket() *timersBucket {
+	id := uint8(getg().m.p.ptr().id) % timersLen
+	t.tb = &timers[id].timersBucket
+	return t.tb
+}
+
+type timersBucket struct {
 	lock         mutex
 	gp           *g
 	created      bool
@@ -51,18 +85,20 @@ func timeSleep(ns int64) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	t := getg().timer
+	gp := getg()
+	t := gp.timer
 	if t == nil {
 		t = new(timer)
-		getg().timer = t
+		gp.timer = t
 	}
 	*t = timer{}
 	t.when = nanotime() + ns
 	t.f = goroutineReady
-	t.arg = getg()
+	t.arg = gp
-	lock(&timers.lock)
+	tb := t.assignBucket()
-	addtimerLocked(t)
+	lock(&tb.lock)
-	goparkunlock(&timers.lock, "sleep", traceEvGoSleep, 2)
+	tb.addtimerLocked(t)
+	goparkunlock(&tb.lock, "sleep", traceEvGoSleep, 2)
 }
 
 // startTimer adds t to the timer heap.
@@ -89,87 +125,86 @@ func goroutineReady(arg interface{}, seq uintptr) {
 }
 
 func addtimer(t *timer) {
-	lock(&timers.lock)
+	tb := t.assignBucket()
-	addtimerLocked(t)
+	lock(&tb.lock)
-	unlock(&timers.lock)
+	tb.addtimerLocked(t)
+	unlock(&tb.lock)
 }
 
 // Add a timer to the heap and start or kick timerproc if the new timer is
 // earlier than any of the others.
 // Timers are locked.
-func addtimerLocked(t *timer) {
+func (tb *timersBucket) addtimerLocked(t *timer) {
 	// when must never be negative; otherwise timerproc will overflow
 	// during its delta calculation and never expire other runtime timers.
 	if t.when < 0 {
 		t.when = 1<<63 - 1
 	}
-	t.i = len(timers.t)
+	t.i = len(tb.t)
-	timers.t = append(timers.t, t)
+	tb.t = append(tb.t, t)
-	siftupTimer(t.i)
+	tb.siftupTimer(t.i)
 	if t.i == 0 {
 		// siftup moved to top: new earliest deadline.
-		if timers.sleeping {
+		if tb.sleeping {
-			timers.sleeping = false
+			tb.sleeping = false
-			notewakeup(&timers.waitnote)
+			notewakeup(&tb.waitnote)
 		}
-		if timers.rescheduling {
+		if tb.rescheduling {
-			timers.rescheduling = false
+			tb.rescheduling = false
-			goready(timers.gp, 0)
+			goready(tb.gp, 0)
 		}
 	}
-	if !timers.created {
+	if !tb.created {
-		timers.created = true
+		tb.created = true
-		go timerproc()
+		go timerproc(tb)
 	}
 }
 
 // Delete timer t from the heap.
 // Do not need to update the timerproc: if it wakes up early, no big deal.
 func deltimer(t *timer) bool {
-	// Dereference t so that any panic happens before the lock is held.
+	tb := t.tb
-	// Discard result, because t might be moving in the heap.
-	_ = t.i
 
-	lock(&timers.lock)
+	lock(&tb.lock)
 	// t may not be registered anymore and may have
 	// a bogus i (typically 0, if generated by Go).
 	// Verify it before proceeding.
 	i := t.i
-	last := len(timers.t) - 1
+	last := len(tb.t) - 1
-	if i < 0 || i > last || timers.t[i] != t {
+	if i < 0 || i > last || tb.t[i] != t {
-		unlock(&timers.lock)
+		unlock(&tb.lock)
 		return false
 	}
 	if i != last {
-		timers.t[i] = timers.t[last]
+		tb.t[i] = tb.t[last]
-		timers.t[i].i = i
+		tb.t[i].i = i
 	}
-	timers.t[last] = nil
+	tb.t[last] = nil
-	timers.t = timers.t[:last]
+	tb.t = tb.t[:last]
 	if i != last {
-		siftupTimer(i)
+		tb.siftupTimer(i)
-		siftdownTimer(i)
+		tb.siftdownTimer(i)
 	}
-	unlock(&timers.lock)
+	unlock(&tb.lock)
 	return true
 }
 
 // Timerproc runs the time-driven events.
-// It sleeps until the next event in the timers heap.
+// It sleeps until the next event in the tb heap.
 // If addtimer inserts a new earlier event, it wakes timerproc early.
-func timerproc() {
+func timerproc(tb *timersBucket) {
-	timers.gp = getg()
+	tb.gp = getg()
 	for {
-		lock(&timers.lock)
+		lock(&tb.lock)
-		timers.sleeping = false
+		tb.sleeping = false
 		now := nanotime()
 		delta := int64(-1)
 		for {
-			if len(timers.t) == 0 {
+			if len(tb.t) == 0 {
 				delta = -1
 				break
 			}
-			t := timers.t[0]
+			t := tb.t[0]
 			delta = t.when - now
 			if delta > 0 {
 				break
@@ -177,43 +212,43 @@ func timerproc() {
 			if t.period > 0 {
 				// leave in heap but adjust next time to fire
 				t.when += t.period * (1 + -delta/t.period)
-				siftdownTimer(0)
+				tb.siftdownTimer(0)
 			} else {
 				// remove from heap
-				last := len(timers.t) - 1
+				last := len(tb.t) - 1
 				if last > 0 {
-					timers.t[0] = timers.t[last]
+					tb.t[0] = tb.t[last]
-					timers.t[0].i = 0
+					tb.t[0].i = 0
 				}
-				timers.t[last] = nil
+				tb.t[last] = nil
-				timers.t = timers.t[:last]
+				tb.t = tb.t[:last]
 				if last > 0 {
-					siftdownTimer(0)
+					tb.siftdownTimer(0)
 				}
 				t.i = -1 // mark as removed
 			}
 			f := t.f
 			arg := t.arg
 			seq := t.seq
-			unlock(&timers.lock)
+			unlock(&tb.lock)
 			if raceenabled {
 				raceacquire(unsafe.Pointer(t))
 			}
 			f(arg, seq)
-			lock(&timers.lock)
+			lock(&tb.lock)
 		}
 		if delta < 0 || faketime > 0 {
 			// No timers left - put goroutine to sleep.
-			timers.rescheduling = true
+			tb.rescheduling = true
-			goparkunlock(&timers.lock, "timer goroutine (idle)", traceEvGoBlock, 1)
+			goparkunlock(&tb.lock, "timer goroutine (idle)", traceEvGoBlock, 1)
 			continue
 		}
 		// At least one timer pending. Sleep until then.
-		timers.sleeping = true
+		tb.sleeping = true
-		timers.sleepUntil = now + delta
+		tb.sleepUntil = now + delta
-		noteclear(&timers.waitnote)
+		noteclear(&tb.waitnote)
-		unlock(&timers.lock)
+		unlock(&tb.lock)
-		notetsleepg(&timers.waitnote, delta)
+		notetsleepg(&tb.waitnote, delta)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -222,28 +257,68 @@ func timejump() *g {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	lock(&timers.lock)
+	for i := range timers {
-	if !timers.created || len(timers.t) == 0 {
+		lock(&timers[i].lock)
-		unlock(&timers.lock)
+	}
+	gp := timejumpLocked()
+	for i := range timers {
+		unlock(&timers[i].lock)
+	}
+
+	return gp
+}
+
+func timejumpLocked() *g {
+	// Determine a timer bucket with minimum when.
+	var minT *timer
+	for i := range timers {
+		tb := &timers[i]
+		if !tb.created || len(tb.t) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		t := tb.t[0]
+		if minT == nil || t.when < minT.when {
+			minT = t
+		}
+	}
+	if minT == nil || minT.when <= faketime {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	var gp *g
+	faketime = minT.when
-	if faketime < timers.t[0].when {
+	tb := minT.tb
-		faketime = timers.t[0].when
+	if !tb.rescheduling {
-		if timers.rescheduling {
+		return nil
-			timers.rescheduling = false
-			gp = timers.gp
 	}
+	tb.rescheduling = false
+	return tb.gp
 }
-	unlock(&timers.lock)
+
-	return gp
+func timeSleepUntil() int64 {
+	next := int64(1<<63 - 1)
+
+	// Determine minimum sleepUntil across all the timer buckets.
+	//
+	// The function can not return a precise answer,
+	// as another timer may pop in as soon as timers have been unlocked.
+	// So lock the timers one by one instead of all at once.
+	for i := range timers {
+		tb := &timers[i]
+
+		lock(&tb.lock)
+		if tb.sleeping && tb.sleepUntil < next {
+			next = tb.sleepUntil
+		}
+		unlock(&tb.lock)
+	}
+
+	return next
 }
 
 // Heap maintenance algorithms.
 
-func siftupTimer(i int) {
+func (tb *timersBucket) siftupTimer(i int) {
-	t := timers.t
+	t := tb.t
 	when := t[i].when
 	tmp := t[i]
 	for i > 0 {
@@ -259,8 +334,8 @@ func siftupTimer(i int) {
 	}
 }
 
-func siftdownTimer(i int) {
+func (tb *timersBucket) siftdownTimer(i int) {
-	t := timers.t
+	t := tb.t
 	n := len(t)
 	when := t[i].when
 	tmp := t[i]

src/runtime/trace.go

@@ -408,9 +408,12 @@ func ReadTrace() []byte {
 		var data []byte
 		data = append(data, traceEvFrequency|0<<traceArgCountShift)
 		data = traceAppend(data, uint64(freq))
-		if timers.gp != nil {
+		for i := range timers {
+			tb := &timers[i]
+			if tb.gp != nil {
 				data = append(data, traceEvTimerGoroutine|0<<traceArgCountShift)
-			data = traceAppend(data, uint64(timers.gp.goid))
+				data = traceAppend(data, uint64(tb.gp.goid))
+			}
 		}
 		// This will emit a bunch of full buffers, we will pick them up
 		// on the next iteration.

src/syscall/net_nacl.go

@@ -16,11 +16,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Interface to timers implemented in package runtime.
-// Must be in sync with ../runtime/runtime.h:/^struct.Timer$
+// Must be in sync with ../runtime/time.go:/^type timer
 // Really for use by package time, but we cannot import time here.
 
 type runtimeTimer struct {
+	tb uintptr
 	i  int
+
 	when   int64
 	period int64
 	f      func(interface{}, uintptr) // NOTE: must not be closure
@@ -49,13 +51,14 @@ func (t *timer) start(q *queue, deadline int64) {
 }
 
 func (t *timer) stop() {
+	if t.r.f == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	stopTimer(&t.r)
 }
 
 func (t *timer) reset(q *queue, deadline int64) {
-	if t.r.f != nil {
 	t.stop()
-	}
 	if deadline == 0 {
 		return
 	}

src/time/sleep.go

@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ func runtimeNano() int64
 // Interface to timers implemented in package runtime.
 // Must be in sync with ../runtime/time.go:/^type timer
 type runtimeTimer struct {
+	tb uintptr
 	i  int
+
 	when   int64
 	period int64
 	f      func(interface{}, uintptr) // NOTE: must not be closure

src/time/sleep_test.go

@@ -82,21 +82,36 @@ func TestAfterStress(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func benchmark(b *testing.B, bench func(n int)) {
-	garbage := make([]*Timer, 1<<17)
-	for i := 0; i < len(garbage); i++ {
-		garbage[i] = AfterFunc(Hour, nil)
-	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
 
+	// Create equal number of garbage timers on each P before starting
+	// the benchmark.
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	garbageAll := make([][]*Timer, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0))
+	for i := range garbageAll {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(i int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			garbage := make([]*Timer, 1<<15)
+			for j := range garbage {
+				garbage[j] = AfterFunc(Hour, nil)
+			}
+			garbageAll[i] = garbage
+		}(i)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
 			bench(1000)
 		}
 	})
-
 	b.StopTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < len(garbage); i++ {
+
-		garbage[i].Stop()
+	for _, garbage := range garbageAll {
+		for _, t := range garbage {
+			t.Stop()
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -158,6 +173,30 @@ func BenchmarkStartStop(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 }
 
+func BenchmarkReset(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmark(b, func(n int) {
+		t := NewTimer(Hour)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			t.Reset(Hour)
+		}
+		t.Stop()
+	})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkSleep(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmark(b, func(n int) {
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		wg.Add(n)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			go func() {
+				Sleep(Nanosecond)
+				wg.Done()
+			}()
+		}
+		wg.Wait()
+	})
+}
+
 func TestAfter(t *testing.T) {
 	const delay = 100 * Millisecond
 	start := Now()

src/time/tick_test.go

@@ -67,12 +67,11 @@ func TestNewTickerLtZeroDuration(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkTicker(b *testing.B) {
-	ticker := NewTicker(1)
+	benchmark(b, func(n int) {
-	b.ResetTimer()
+		ticker := NewTicker(Nanosecond)
-	b.StartTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			<-ticker.C
 		}
-	b.StopTimer()
 		ticker.Stop()
+	})
 }