diff --git a/doc/go_spec.html b/doc/go_spec.html index bcde026723f..d95d6492592 100644 --- a/doc/go_spec.html +++ b/doc/go_spec.html @@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ Todo [ ] clarify: two equal lowercase identifiers from different packages denote different objects [ ] need language about function/method calls and parameter passing rules +[ ] last paragraph of #Assignments (constant promotion) should be elsewhere + and mention assignment to empty interface. [ ] need to say something about "scope" of selectors? [ ] clarify what a field name is in struct declarations (struct{T} vs struct {T T} vs struct {t T}) @@ -301,6 +303,8 @@ exponent = ( "e" | "E" ) [ "+" | "-" ] decimals .
0. +72.40 +072.40 // == 72.40 2.71828 1.e+0 6.67428e-11 @@ -309,6 +313,31 @@ exponent = ( "e" | "E" ) [ "+" | "-" ] decimals . .12345E+5+
+An imaginary literal is a decimal representation of the imaginary part of a
+complex constant.
+It consists of a
+floating-point literal
+or decimal integer followed
+by the lower-case letter i
.
+
+imaginary_lit = (decimals | float_lit) "i" . ++ +
+0i +011i // == 11i +0.i +2.71828i +1.e+0i +6.67428e-11i +1E6i +.25i +.12345E+5i ++
There are boolean constants, integer constants, floating-point constants, -and string constants. Integer and floating-point constants are +
There are boolean constants, integer constants, +floating-point constants, complex constants, +and string constants. Integer, floating-point, +and complex constants are collectively called numeric constants.
@@ -474,18 +505,27 @@ collectively called numeric constants. A constant value is represented by an integer, floating-point, +imaginary, character, or string literal, an identifier denoting a constant, a constant expression, or the result value of some built-in functions such asunsafe.Sizeof
and cap
or len
applied to an array,
-or len
applied to a string constant.
+len
applied to a string constant,
+real
and imag
applied to a complex constant
+and cmplx
applied to numeric constants.
The boolean truth values are represented by the predeclared constants
true
and false
. The predeclared identifier
iota denotes an integer constant.
++In general, complex constants are a form of +constant expression +and are discussed in that section. +
+Numeric constants represent values of arbitrary precision and do not overflow.
@@ -590,18 +630,21 @@ The predeclared architecture-independent numeric types are:-uint8 the set of all unsigned 8-bit integers (0 to 255) -uint16 the set of all unsigned 16-bit integers (0 to 65535) -uint32 the set of all unsigned 32-bit integers (0 to 4294967295) -uint64 the set of all unsigned 64-bit integers (0 to 18446744073709551615) +uint8 the set of all unsigned 8-bit integers (0 to 255) +uint16 the set of all unsigned 16-bit integers (0 to 65535) +uint32 the set of all unsigned 32-bit integers (0 to 4294967295) +uint64 the set of all unsigned 64-bit integers (0 to 18446744073709551615) -int8 the set of all signed 8-bit integers (-128 to 127) -int16 the set of all signed 16-bit integers (-32768 to 32767) -int32 the set of all signed 32-bit integers (-2147483648 to 2147483647) -int64 the set of all signed 64-bit integers (-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807) +int8 the set of all signed 8-bit integers (-128 to 127) +int16 the set of all signed 16-bit integers (-32768 to 32767) +int32 the set of all signed 32-bit integers (-2147483648 to 2147483647) +int64 the set of all signed 64-bit integers (-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807) -float32 the set of all IEEE-754 32-bit floating-point numbers -float64 the set of all IEEE-754 64-bit floating-point numbers +float32 the set of all IEEE-754 32-bit floating-point numbers +float64 the set of all IEEE-754 64-bit floating-point numbers + +complex64 the set of all complex numbers with float32 real and imaginary parts +complex128 the set of all complex numbers with float64 real and imaginary parts byte familiar alias for uint8@@ -619,6 +662,7 @@ There is also a set of predeclared numeric types with implementation-specific si uint either 32 or 64 bits int either 32 or 64 bits float either 32 or 64 bits +complex real and imaginary parts have type float uintptr an unsigned integer large enough to store the uninterpreted bits of a pointer value @@ -1502,7 +1546,8 @@ Zero value: nil Functions: - cap close closed copy len make new panic panicln print println + cap close closed cmplx copy imag len make + new panic panicln print println real @@ -1938,7 +1983,7 @@ Operands denote the elementary values in an expression.
Operand = Literal | QualifiedIdent | MethodExpr | "(" Expression ")" . Literal = BasicLit | CompositeLit | FunctionLit . -BasicLit = int_lit | float_lit | char_lit | string_lit . +BasicLit = int_lit | float_lit | imaginary_lit | char_lit | string_lit .@@ -2771,16 +2816,16 @@ x == y+1 && <-chan_ptr > 0
Arithmetic operators apply to numeric values and yield a result of the same
type as the first operand. The four standard arithmetic operators (+
,
--
, *
, /
) apply to integer and
-floating-point types; +
also applies
+-
, *
, /
) apply to integer,
+floating-point, and complex types; +
also applies
to strings. All other arithmetic operators apply to integers only.
-+ sum integers, floats, strings -- difference integers, floats -* product integers, floats -/ quotient integers, floats ++ sum integers, floats, complex values, strings +- difference integers, floats, complex values +* product integers, floats, complex values +/ quotient integers, floats, complex values % remainder integers & bitwise and integers @@ -2894,9 +2939,10 @@ not occur. For instance, it may not assume thatx < x + 1
is alwComparison operators yield a value of type
bool
. -The operators==
and!=
apply, at least in some cases, +The operators==
and!=
apply to operands of all types except arrays and structs. -All other comparison operators apply only to numeric and string values. +All other comparison operators apply only to integer, floating-point +and string values.@@ -3208,15 +3254,19 @@ For example, if+x := uint16(0x10F0)
, thenuint32(int8(x)) == The conversion always yields a valid value; there is no indication of overflow. -
Conversions involving floating point types
+Conversions involving floating point and complex types
- When converting a floating-point number to an integer, the fraction is discarded (truncation towards zero).
- -When converting a number to a floating-point type, the result value is rounded -to the precision specified by the floating point type. +A value of complex type may be converted to a different complex type, +but there is no conversion between complex and any other type. +
- +When converting a number to a floating-point or complex type, +the result value is rounded +to the precision specified by the destination type. For instance, the value of a variable
x
of typefloat32
may be stored using additional precision beyond that of an IEEE-754 32-bit number, but float32(x) represents the result of roundingx
's value to @@ -3226,8 +3276,9 @@ of precision,but float32(x + 0.1)
does not.-In all conversions involving floating-point values, if the result type cannot -represent the value the conversion succeeds but the result value is +In all conversions involving floating-point or complex values, +if the result type cannot represent the value the conversion +succeeds but the result value is implementation-dependent.
@@ -3310,16 +3361,39 @@ respectively. Except for shift operations, if the operands of a binary operation are an untyped integer constant and an untyped floating-point constant, the integer constant is converted to an untyped floating-point constant (relevant for/
and%
). +Similarly, +untyped integer or floating-point constants may be used as operands +wherever it is legal to use an operand of complex type; +the integer or floating point constant is converted to a +complex constant with a zero imaginary part.Applying an operator to untyped constants results in an untyped -constant of the same kind (that is, a boolean, integer, floating-point, or -string constant), except for -comparison operators which result in +constant of the same kind (that is, a boolean, integer, floating-point, +complex, or string constant), except for +comparison operators, which result in a constant of type
+bool
.+Imaginary literals are untyped complex constants (with zero real part) +and may be combined in binary +operations with untyped integer and floating-point constants; the +result is an untyped complex constant. +Complex constants are always constructed from +constant expressions involving imaginary +literals or constants derived from them, or calls of the +built-in function
+ +cmplx
. ++const Σ = 1 - 0.707i +const Δ = Σ + 2.0e-4 - 1/i +const Φ = iota * 1i +const iΓ = cmplx(0, Γ) ++Constant expressions are always evaluated exactly; intermediate values and the constants themselves may require precision significantly larger than supported @@ -3567,9 +3641,10 @@ In assignments, each value must be assignment compatible with the type of the operand to which it is assigned. If an untyped constant is assigned to a variable of interface type, the constant is converted -to type
@@ -4219,7 +4294,7 @@ for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ {bool
,int
,float
, orstring
+to typebool
,int
,float
, +complex
orstring
respectively, depending on whether the value is a boolean, integer, floating-point, -or string constant. +complex, or string constant.Built-in functions
-A small number of built-in functions are +Built-in functions are predeclared. They are called like any other function but some of them accept a type instead of an expression as the first argument. @@ -4378,6 +4453,49 @@ n1 := copy(s, &a) // n1 == 6, s == []int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} n2 := copy(s, s[2:]) // n2 == 4, s == []int{2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5}
Assembling and disassembling complex numbers
+ ++Three functions assemble and disassemble complex numbers. +The built-in function
+ +cmplx
constructs a complex +value from a floating-point real and imaginary part, while +real
andimag
+extract the real and imaginary parts of a complex value. ++cmplx(realPart, imaginaryPart floatT) complexT +real(complexT) floatT +imag(complexT) floatT ++ ++The type of the arguments and return value correspond. +For
+ +cmplx
, the two arguments must be of the same +floating-point type and the return type is the complex type +with the corresponding floating-point constituents: +complex
forfloat
, +complex64
forfloat32
, +complex128
forfloat64
. +Thereal
andimag
functions +together form the inverse, so for a complex valuez
, +z
==
cmplx(real(z),
imag(z))
. ++If the operands of these functions are all constants, the return +value is a constant. +
+ ++var a = cmplx(2, -2) // has type complex +var b = cmplx(1.0, -1.4) // has type complex +x := float32(math.Cos(math.Pi/2)) +var c64 = cmplx(5, -x) // has type complex64 +var im = imag(b) // has type float +var rl = real(c64) // type float32 ++Bootstrapping
@@ -4808,6 +4926,6 @@ The following minimal alignment properties are guaranteed:
[]int
and []byte
are not implemented..