cmd/link: allow deriving GNU build ID from Go build ID ID

While it is possible to embed a GNU build ID into the linked
executable by passing `-B 0xBUILDID` to the linker, the build ID will
need to be precomputed by the build system somehow. This makes it
unnecessarily complex to generate a deterministic build ID as it
either requires the build system to hash all inputs manually or to
build the binary twice, once to compute its hash and once with the GNU
build ID derived from that hash. Despite being complex, it is also
inefficient as it requires the build system to duplicate some of the
work that the Go linker already performs anyway.

Introduce a new argument "gobuildid" that can be passed to `-B` that
causes the linker to automatically derive the GNU build ID from the Go
build ID. Given that the Go build ID is deterministically computed
from all of its inputs, the resulting GNU build ID should be
deterministic in the same way, which is the desired behaviour.

Furthermore, given that the `-B` flag currently requires a "0x" prefix
for all values passed to it, using "gobuildid" as value is a backwards
compatible change.

An alternative would be to unconditionally calculate the GNU build ID
unless otherwise specified. This would require some larger rework
though because building the Go toolchain would not converge anymore
due the GNU build ID changing on every stage, which in turn would
cause the Go build ID to change as well.

Fixes #41004

src/cmd/link/doc.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ Flags:
 	-B note
 		Add an ELF_NT_GNU_BUILD_ID note when using ELF.
 		The value should start with 0x and be an even number of hex digits.
+		Alternatively, you can pass "gobuildid" in order to derive the
+		GNU build ID from the Go build ID.
 	-E entry
 		Set entry symbol name.
 	-H type

src/cmd/link/elf_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"cmd/internal/buildid"
+	"cmd/internal/notsha256"
+	"cmd/link/internal/ld"
 	"debug/elf"
 	"fmt"
 	"internal/platform"
@@ -199,6 +203,39 @@ func TestMinusRSymsWithSameName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGNUBuildIDDerivedFromGoBuildID(t *testing.T) {
+	testenv.MustHaveGoBuild(t)
+
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	goFile := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "notes.go")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(goFile, []byte(goSource), 0444); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	outFile := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "notes.exe")
+	goTool := testenv.GoToolPath(t)
+
+	cmd := testenv.Command(t, goTool, "build", "-o", outFile, "-ldflags", "-buildid 0x1234 -B gobuildid", goFile)
+	cmd.Dir = t.TempDir()
+
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Logf("%s", out)
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedGoBuildID := notsha256.Sum256([]byte("0x1234"))
+
+	gnuBuildID, err := buildid.ReadELFNote(outFile, string(ld.ELF_NOTE_BUILDINFO_NAME), ld.ELF_NOTE_BUILDINFO_TAG)
+	if err != nil || gnuBuildID == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("can't read GNU build ID")
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(gnuBuildID, expectedGoBuildID[:20]) {
+		t.Fatalf("build id not matching")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMergeNoteSections(t *testing.T) {
 	testenv.MustHaveGoBuild(t)
 	expected := 1

src/cmd/link/internal/ld/elf.go

@@ -806,6 +806,18 @@ func elfwritefreebsdsig(out *OutBuf) int {
 }
 
 func addbuildinfo(val string) {
+	if val == "gobuildid" {
+		buildID := *flagBuildid
+		if buildID == "" {
+			Exitf("-B gobuildid requires a Go build ID supplied via -buildid")
+		}
+
+		hashedBuildID := notsha256.Sum256([]byte(buildID))
+		buildinfo = hashedBuildID[:20]
+
+		return
+	}
+
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(val, "0x") {
 		Exitf("-B argument must start with 0x: %s", val)
 	}

src/cmd/link/internal/ld/main.go

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func Main(arch *sys.Arch, theArch Arch) {
 	flag.Var(&ctxt.LinkMode, "linkmode", "set link `mode`")
 	flag.Var(&ctxt.BuildMode, "buildmode", "set build `mode`")
 	flag.BoolVar(&ctxt.compressDWARF, "compressdwarf", true, "compress DWARF if possible")
-	objabi.Flagfn1("B", "add an ELF NT_GNU_BUILD_ID `note` when using ELF", addbuildinfo)
+	objabi.Flagfn1("B", "add an ELF NT_GNU_BUILD_ID `note` when using ELF; use \"gobuildid\" to generate it from the Go build ID", addbuildinfo)
 	objabi.Flagfn1("L", "add specified `directory` to library path", func(a string) { Lflag(ctxt, a) })
 	objabi.AddVersionFlag() // -V
 	objabi.Flagfn1("X", "add string value `definition` of the form importpath.name=value", func(s string) { addstrdata1(ctxt, s) })