runtime: allow update of system stack bounds on callback from C thread

[This is a redo of CL 525455 with the test fixed on darwin by defining
_XOPEN_SOURCE, and disabled with android, musl, and openbsd, which do
not provide getcontext.]

Since CL 495855, Ms are cached for C threads calling into Go, including
the stack bounds of the system stack.

Some C libraries (e.g., coroutine libraries) do manual stack management
and may change stacks between calls to Go on the same thread.

Changing the stack if there is more Go up the stack would be
problematic. But if the calls are completely independent there is no
particular reason for Go to care about the changing stack boundary.

Thus, this CL allows the stack bounds to change in such cases. The
primary downside here (besides additional complexity) is that normal
systems that do not manipulate the stack may not notice unintentional
stack corruption as quickly as before.

Note that callbackUpdateSystemStack is written to be usable for the
initial setup in needm as well as updating the stack in cgocallbackg.

Fixes #62440.
For #62130.

Change-Id: I0fe0134f865932bbaff1fc0da377c35c013bd768
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/527715
Run-TryBot: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Auto-Submit: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Mui <cherryyz@google.com>

src/runtime/cgocall.go

@@ -206,6 +206,73 @@ func cgocall(fn, arg unsafe.Pointer) int32 {
 	return errno
 }
 
+// Set or reset the system stack bounds for a callback on sp.
+//
+// Must be nosplit because it is called by needm prior to fully initializing
+// the M.
+//
+//go:nosplit
+func callbackUpdateSystemStack(mp *m, sp uintptr, signal bool) {
+	g0 := mp.g0
+	if sp > g0.stack.lo && sp <= g0.stack.hi {
+		// Stack already in bounds, nothing to do.
+		return
+	}
+
+	if mp.ncgo > 0 {
+		// ncgo > 0 indicates that this M was in Go further up the stack
+		// (it called C and is now receiving a callback). It is not
+		// safe for the C call to change the stack out from under us.
+
+		// Note that this case isn't possible for signal == true, as
+		// that is always passing a new M from needm.
+
+		// Stack is bogus, but reset the bounds anyway so we can print.
+		hi := g0.stack.hi
+		lo := g0.stack.lo
+		g0.stack.hi = sp + 1024
+		g0.stack.lo = sp - 32*1024
+		g0.stackguard0 = g0.stack.lo + stackGuard
+
+		print("M ", mp.id, " procid ", mp.procid, " runtime: cgocallback with sp=", hex(sp), " out of bounds [", hex(lo), ", ", hex(hi), "]")
+		print("\n")
+		exit(2)
+	}
+
+	// This M does not have Go further up the stack. However, it may have
+	// previously called into Go, initializing the stack bounds. Between
+	// that call returning and now the stack may have changed (perhaps the
+	// C thread is running a coroutine library). We need to update the
+	// stack bounds for this case.
+	//
+	// Set the stack bounds to match the current stack. If we don't
+	// actually know how big the stack is, like we don't know how big any
+	// scheduling stack is, but we assume there's at least 32 kB. If we
+	// can get a more accurate stack bound from pthread, use that, provided
+	// it actually contains SP..
+	g0.stack.hi = sp + 1024
+	g0.stack.lo = sp - 32*1024
+	if !signal && _cgo_getstackbound != nil {
+		// Don't adjust if called from the signal handler.
+		// We are on the signal stack, not the pthread stack.
+		// (We could get the stack bounds from sigaltstack, but
+		// we're getting out of the signal handler very soon
+		// anyway. Not worth it.)
+		var bounds [2]uintptr
+		asmcgocall(_cgo_getstackbound, unsafe.Pointer(&bounds))
+		// getstackbound is an unsupported no-op on Windows.
+		//
+		// Don't use these bounds if they don't contain SP. Perhaps we
+		// were called by something not using the standard thread
+		// stack.
+		if bounds[0] != 0  && sp > bounds[0] && sp <= bounds[1] {
+			g0.stack.lo = bounds[0]
+			g0.stack.hi = bounds[1]
+		}
+	}
+	g0.stackguard0 = g0.stack.lo + stackGuard
+}
+
 // Call from C back to Go. fn must point to an ABIInternal Go entry-point.
 //
 //go:nosplit
@@ -216,6 +283,9 @@ func cgocallbackg(fn, frame unsafe.Pointer, ctxt uintptr) {
 		exit(2)
 	}
 
+	sp := gp.m.g0.sched.sp // system sp saved by cgocallback.
+	callbackUpdateSystemStack(gp.m, sp, false)
+
 	// The call from C is on gp.m's g0 stack, so we must ensure
 	// that we stay on that M. We have to do this before calling
 	// exitsyscall, since it would otherwise be free to move us to

src/runtime/crash_cgo_test.go

@@ -869,3 +869,20 @@ func TestEnsureBindM(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected %q, got %v", want, got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestStackSwitchCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "windows", "plan9", "android", "openbsd": // no getcontext
+		t.Skipf("skipping test on %s", runtime.GOOS)
+	}
+	got := runTestProg(t, "testprogcgo", "StackSwitchCallback")
+	skip := "SKIP\n"
+	if got == skip {
+		t.Skip("skipping on musl/bionic libc")
+	}
+	want := "OK\n"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("expected %q, got %v", want, got)
+	}
+}

src/runtime/proc.go

@@ -2036,30 +2036,10 @@ func needm(signal bool) {
 	osSetupTLS(mp)
 
 	// Install g (= m->g0) and set the stack bounds
-	// to match the current stack. If we don't actually know
-	// how big the stack is, like we don't know how big any
-	// scheduling stack is, but we assume there's at least 32 kB.
-	// If we can get a more accurate stack bound from pthread,
-	// use that.
+	// to match the current stack.
 	setg(mp.g0)
-	gp := getg()
-	gp.stack.hi = getcallersp() + 1024
-	gp.stack.lo = getcallersp() - 32*1024
-	if !signal && _cgo_getstackbound != nil {
-		// Don't adjust if called from the signal handler.
-		// We are on the signal stack, not the pthread stack.
-		// (We could get the stack bounds from sigaltstack, but
-		// we're getting out of the signal handler very soon
-		// anyway. Not worth it.)
-		var bounds [2]uintptr
-		asmcgocall(_cgo_getstackbound, unsafe.Pointer(&bounds))
-		// getstackbound is an unsupported no-op on Windows.
-		if bounds[0] != 0 {
-			gp.stack.lo = bounds[0]
-			gp.stack.hi = bounds[1]
-		}
-	}
-	gp.stackguard0 = gp.stack.lo + stackGuard
+	sp := getcallersp()
+	callbackUpdateSystemStack(mp, sp, signal)
 
 	// Should mark we are already in Go now.
 	// Otherwise, we may call needm again when we get a signal, before cgocallbackg1,
@@ -2176,9 +2156,14 @@ func oneNewExtraM() {
 // So that the destructor would invoke dropm while the non-Go thread is exiting.
 // This is much faster since it avoids expensive signal-related syscalls.
 //
-// NOTE: this always runs without a P, so, nowritebarrierrec required.
+// This always runs without a P, so //go:nowritebarrierrec is required.
+//
+// This may run with a different stack than was recorded in g0 (there is no
+// call to callbackUpdateSystemStack prior to dropm), so this must be
+// //go:nosplit to avoid the stack bounds check.
 //
 //go:nowritebarrierrec
+//go:nosplit
 func dropm() {
 	// Clear m and g, and return m to the extra list.
 	// After the call to setg we can only call nosplit functions

src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/stackswitch.c

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build unix && !android && !openbsd
+
+// Required for darwin ucontext.
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <ucontext.h>
+
+// musl libc does not provide getcontext, etc. Skip the test there.
+//
+// musl libc doesn't provide any direct detection mechanism. So assume any
+// non-glibc linux is using musl.
+//
+// Note that bionic does not provide getcontext either, but that is skipped via
+// the android build tag.
+#if defined(__linux__) && !defined(__GLIBC__)
+#define MUSL 1
+#endif
+#if defined(MUSL)
+void callStackSwitchCallbackFromThread(void) {
+	printf("SKIP\n");
+	exit(0);
+}
+#else
+
+// Use a stack size larger than the 32kb estimate in
+// runtime.callbackUpdateSystemStack. This ensures that a second stack
+// allocation won't accidentally count as in bounds of the first stack
+#define STACK_SIZE	(64ull << 10)
+
+static ucontext_t uctx_save, uctx_switch;
+
+extern void stackSwitchCallback(void);
+
+static void *stackSwitchThread(void *arg) {
+	// Simple test: callback works from the normal system stack.
+	stackSwitchCallback();
+
+	// Next, verify that switching stacks doesn't break callbacks.
+
+	char *stack1 = malloc(STACK_SIZE);
+	if (stack1 == NULL) {
+		perror("malloc");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	// Allocate the second stack before freeing the first to ensure we don't get
+	// the same address from malloc.
+	char *stack2 = malloc(STACK_SIZE);
+	if (stack1 == NULL) {
+		perror("malloc");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (getcontext(&uctx_switch) == -1) {
+		perror("getcontext");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	uctx_switch.uc_stack.ss_sp = stack1;
+	uctx_switch.uc_stack.ss_size = STACK_SIZE;
+	uctx_switch.uc_link = &uctx_save;
+	makecontext(&uctx_switch, stackSwitchCallback, 0);
+
+	if (swapcontext(&uctx_save, &uctx_switch) == -1) {
+		perror("swapcontext");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (getcontext(&uctx_switch) == -1) {
+		perror("getcontext");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	uctx_switch.uc_stack.ss_sp = stack2;
+	uctx_switch.uc_stack.ss_size = STACK_SIZE;
+	uctx_switch.uc_link = &uctx_save;
+	makecontext(&uctx_switch, stackSwitchCallback, 0);
+
+	if (swapcontext(&uctx_save, &uctx_switch) == -1) {
+		perror("swapcontext");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	free(stack1);
+	free(stack2);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void callStackSwitchCallbackFromThread(void) {
+	pthread_t thread;
+	assert(pthread_create(&thread, NULL, stackSwitchThread, NULL) == 0);
+	assert(pthread_join(thread, NULL) == 0);
+}
+
+#endif

src/runtime/testdata/testprogcgo/stackswitch.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build unix && !android && !openbsd
+
+package main
+
+/*
+void callStackSwitchCallbackFromThread(void);
+*/
+import "C"
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime/debug"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	register("StackSwitchCallback", StackSwitchCallback)
+}
+
+//export stackSwitchCallback
+func stackSwitchCallback() {
+	// We want to trigger a bounds check on the g0 stack. To do this, we
+	// need to call a splittable function through systemstack().
+	// SetGCPercent contains such a systemstack call.
+	gogc := debug.SetGCPercent(100)
+	debug.SetGCPercent(gogc)
+}
+
+
+// Regression test for https://go.dev/issue/62440. It should be possible for C
+// threads to call into Go from different stacks without crashing due to g0
+// stack bounds checks.
+//
+// N.B. This is only OK for threads created in C. Threads with Go frames up the
+// stack must not change the stack out from under us.
+func StackSwitchCallback() {
+	C.callStackSwitchCallbackFromThread();
+
+	fmt.Printf("OK\n")
+}