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adjusted doc to incorporate new channel notation
(still a couple of TODO's with respect to the new notation). R=r DELTA=71 (10 added, 11 deleted, 50 changed) OCL=15419 CL=15443
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Robert Griesemer
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107
doc/go_spec.txt
107
doc/go_spec.txt
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The Go Programming Language Specification (DRAFT)
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Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson
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----
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(September 12, 2008)
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(September 17, 2008)
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This document is a semi-formal specification of the Go systems
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@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ The following special character sequences serve as operators or delimitors:
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+ & += &= && == != ( )
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- | -= |= || < >= [ ]
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* ^ *= ^= <- > <= { }
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/ << /= <<= -< ++ -- = :=
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/ << /= <<= ++ -- = :=
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% >> %= >>= ! . , ; :
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@ -1064,16 +1064,17 @@ A channel provides a mechanism for two concurrently executing functions
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to synchronize execution and exchange values of a specified type.
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Upon creation, a channel can be used both to send and to receive.
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By conversion or assignment, it may be restricted only to send or
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to receive; such a restricted channel
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is called a 'send channel' or a 'receive channel'.
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By conversion or assignment, a 'full' channel may be constrained only to send or
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to receive. Such a restricted channel is called a 'send channel' or a 'receive channel'.
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ChannelType = "chan" [ "<-" | "-<" ] ValueType .
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ChannelType = FullChannel | SendChannel | RecvChannel .
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FullChannel = "chan" ValueType .
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SendChannel = "chan" "<-" ValueType .
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RecvChannel = "<-" "chan" ValueType .
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chan any // a generic channel
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chan int // a channel that can exchange only ints
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chan-< float // a channel that can only be used to send floats
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chan<- any // a channel that can receive (only) values of any type
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chan T // a channel that can exchange values of type T
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chan <- float // a channel that can only be used to send floats
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<-chan int // a channel that can receive only ints
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Channel variables always have type pointer to channel.
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It is an error to attempt to use a channel value and in
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@ -1300,7 +1301,7 @@ A function literal can be assigned to a variable of the
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corresponding function pointer type, or invoked directly.
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f := func(x, y int) int { return x + y; }
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func(ch *chan int) { ch -< ACK; } (reply_chan)
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func(ch *chan int) { ch <- ACK; } (reply_chan)
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Implementation restriction: A function literal can reference only
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its parameters, global variables, and variables declared within the
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@ -1424,13 +1425,16 @@ Operators combine operands into expressions.
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binary_op = log_op | com_op | rel_op | add_op | mul_op .
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log_op = "||" | "&&" .
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com_op = "<-" | "-<" .
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com_op = "<-" .
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rel_op = "==" | "!=" | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=" .
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add_op = "+" | "-" | "|" | "^" .
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mul_op = "*" | "/" | "%" | "<<" | ">>" | "&" .
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unary_op = "+" | "-" | "!" | "^" | "*" | "&" | "<-" .
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TODO: If we allow non-blocking sends only in the form "ok = ch <- x", it doesn't
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make sense to give binary "<-" precedence 3. It should be at the lowest level. TBD.
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The operand types in binary operations must be equal, with the following exceptions:
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- The right operand in a shift operation must be
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@ -1453,7 +1457,7 @@ lowest precedence:
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6 * / % << >> &
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5 + - | ^
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4 == != < <= > >=
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3 <- -<
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3 <-
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2 &&
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1 ||
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@ -1656,10 +1660,10 @@ asynchronous channel; if absent or zero, the channel is synchronous:
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sync_chan := new(chan int)
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buffered_chan := new(chan int, 10)
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The send operator is the binary operator "-<", which operates on
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The send operation uses the binary operator "<-", which operates on
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a channel and a value (expression):
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ch -< 3
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ch <- 3
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In this form, the send operation is an (expression) statement that
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blocks until the send can proceed, at which point the value is
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@ -1670,31 +1674,22 @@ of the expression is a boolean and the operation is non-blocking.
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The value of the boolean reports true if the communication succeeded,
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false if it did not. These two examples are equivalent:
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ok := ch -< 3;
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ok := ch <- 3;
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if ok { print("sent") } else { print("not sent") }
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if ch -< 3 { print("sent") } else { print("not sent") }
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if ch <- 3 { print("sent") } else { print("not sent") }
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In other words, if the program tests the value of a send operation,
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the send is non-blocking and the value of the expression is the
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success of the operation. If the program does not test the value,
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the operation blocks until it succeeds.
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The receive uses the binary operator "<-", analogous to send but
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with the channel on the right:
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TODO: Adjust the above depending on how we rule on the ok semantics.
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v1 <- ch
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The receive operation uses the prefix unary operator "<-".
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The value of the expression is the value received:
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As with send operations, in expression context this form may
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be used as a boolean and makes the receive non-blocking:
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ok := e <- ch;
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if ok { print("received", e) } else { print("did not receive") }
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The receive operator may also be used as a prefix unary operator
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on a channel.
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<- ch
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<-ch
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The expression blocks until a value is available, which then can
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be assigned to a variable or used like any other expression:
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@ -1706,16 +1701,15 @@ be assigned to a variable or used like any other expression:
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If the receive expression does not save the value, the value is
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discarded:
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<- strobe // wait until clock pulse
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<-strobe // wait until clock pulse
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Finally, as a special case unique to receive, the forms
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If a receive expression is used in a tuple assignment of the form
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e, ok := <-ch
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e, ok = <-ch
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x, ok = <-ch; // or: x, ok := <-ch
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allow the operation to declare and/or assign the received value and
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the boolean indicating success. These two forms are always
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non-blocking.
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the receive operation becomes non-blocking, and the boolean variable
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"ok" will be set to "true" if the receive operation succeeded, and set
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to "false" otherwise.
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Statements
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@ -1986,7 +1980,7 @@ function to complete.
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go Server()
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go func(ch chan-< bool) { for { sleep(10); ch -< true; }} (c)
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go func(ch chan <- bool) { for { sleep(10); ch <- true; }} (c)
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Select statements
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@ -2001,8 +1995,8 @@ cases all referring to communication operations.
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CommCase = ( "default" | ( "case" ( SendCase | RecvCase) ) ) ":" .
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SendCase = SendExpr .
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RecvCase = RecvExpr .
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SendExpr = Expression "-<" Expression .
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RecvExpr = [ identifier ] "<-" Expression .
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SendExpr = Expression "<-" Expression .
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RecvExpr = [ PrimaryExpr ( "=" | ":=" ) ] "<-" Expression .
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The select statement evaluates all the channel (pointers) involved.
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If any of the channels can proceed, the corresponding communication
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@ -2011,18 +2005,24 @@ that executes; if not, the statement blocks until one of the
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communications can complete. A channel pointer may be nil, which is
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equivalent to that case not being present in the select statement.
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If the channel sends or receives "any" or an interface type, its
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If the channel sends or receives an interface type, its
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communication can proceed only if the type of the communication
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clause matches that of the dynamic value to be exchanged.
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If multiple cases can proceed, a uniform fair choice is made regarding
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which single communication will execute.
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The receive case may declare a new variable (via a ":=" assignment). The
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scope of such variables begins immediately after the variable identifier
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and ends at the end of the respective "select" case (that is, before the
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next "case", "default", or closing brace).
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var c, c1, c2 *chan int;
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var i1, i2 int;
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select {
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case i1 <- c1:
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case i1 = <-c1:
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print("received ", i1, " from c1\n");
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case c2 -< i2:
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case c2 <- i2:
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print("sent ", i2, " to c2\n");
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default:
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print("no communication\n");
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@ -2030,23 +2030,22 @@ which single communication will execute.
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for { // send random sequence of bits to c
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select {
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case c -< 0: // note: no statement, no fallthrough, no folding of cases
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case c -< 1:
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case c <- 0: // note: no statement, no fallthrough, no folding of cases
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case c <- 1:
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}
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}
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var ca *chan any;
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var ca *chan interface {};
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var i int;
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var f float;
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select {
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case i <- ca:
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case i = <-ca:
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print("received int ", i, " from ca\n");
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case f <- ca:
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case f = <-ca:
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print("received float ", f, " from ca\n");
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}
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TODO: do we allow case i := <-c: ?
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TODO: need to precise about all the details but this is not the right doc for that
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TODO: Make semantics more precise.
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Return statements
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@ -2442,19 +2441,19 @@ Here is a complete example Go package that implements a concurrent prime sieve:
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package main
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// Send the sequence 2, 3, 4, ... to channel 'ch'.
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func Generate(ch *chan-< int) {
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func Generate(ch *chan <- int) {
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for i := 2; ; i++ {
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ch -< i // Send 'i' to channel 'ch'.
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ch <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'ch'.
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}
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}
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// Copy the values from channel 'in' to channel 'out',
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// removing those divisible by 'prime'.
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func Filter(in *chan<- int, out *chan-< int, prime int) {
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func Filter(in *chan <- int, out *<-chan int, prime int) {
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for {
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i := <-in; // Receive value of new variable 'i' from 'in'.
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if i % prime != 0 {
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out -< i // Send 'i' to channel 'out'.
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out <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'out'.
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}
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}
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}
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